Citation: Midtgaard, Rune. RepFocus - A Survey of the Reptiles of the World. (www.repfocus.dk).
Latest update: December 31st, 2022.
 
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Genus
Craspedocephalus
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Ridge-nosed Tree Pitvipers
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Kantenkopf-Bambusottern
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Spidssnudede Træhugorme, Palmehugorme
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1822 |  |
Craspedocephalus Kuhl & van Hasselt (type species: Craspedocephalus puniceus Kuhl 1824) |
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1830 | |
Atropos Wagler [not Atropos Oken 1815 (Insecta); not Atropos Leach 1830 (Insecta)] (type species: Craspedocephalus puniceus Kuhl 1824; syn. David, Vogel & Dubois 2011) |
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1830 | |
Megaera Wagler [not Megaera Robineau-Desvoidy 1830 (Insecta)] (type species: Coluber trigonocephalus Donndorff 1798; syn. David, Vogel & Dubois 2011) |
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1864 | |
Peltopelor Günther (type species: Trimesurus macrolepis Beddome 1862; syn. Mallik, Srikanthan, Ganesh, Vijayakumar, Campbell, Malhotra & Shanker 2021) |
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1871 | |
Atropophis Peters [substitute name for Atropos Wagler 1830] |
Contents:
14 species, of which 13 (92.9%) are endemic.
Endemism: 0%  100%
Remarks:
The species assigned to this genus were placed in
Trimeresurus by Malhotra & Thorpe (2004).
Subsequently, David, Vogel & Dubois (2011) showed that Cryptelytrops is a synonym of
Trimeresurus. Consequently, all species formerly placed in Cryptelytrops are now placed in
Trimeresurus, whereas the species placed in
Trimeresurus by Malhotra & Thorpe (2004) are now assigned to Craspedocephalus,
the next available name for this group of snakes.
Peltopelor was revalidated as a separate genus by Malhotra & Thorpe (2004), but synonymized with Craspedocephalus by
Mallik, Srikanthan, Ganesh, Vijayakumar, Campbell, Malhotra & Shanker (2021).
Distribution:
SE. Asia, Indonesia, Philippines.
Reported from:
Brunei,
India
(Andhra Pradesh,
Goa,
Gujarat,
Karnataka,
Kerala,
Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra,
Odisha,
Tamil Nadu,
Telangana,
Tripura,
West Bengal),
Indonesia
(Anambas Islands,
Java,
Kalimantan,
Natuna Islands,
Siberut,
Simeulue,
Sipura,
Sumatra,
Tinjil),
Malaysia
(Sabah,
Sarawak,
West Malaysia),
Sri Lanka,
Thailand.
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Craspedocephalus anamallensis
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Anaimalai Rock Pitviper
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Anaimalai-Bambusotter
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Anaimalai-træhugorm
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1864 | |
Trimeresurus anamallensis Günther |
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Craspedocephalus anamallensis Mallik, Srikanthan, Ganesh, Vijayakumar, Campbell, Malhotra & Shanker 2021 |
Remarks:
Previously regarded as a synonym of malabaricus (e.g., Golay & al. 1993).
Revalidated as a separate species by Mallik, Srikanthan, Ganesh, Vijayakumar, Campbell, Malhotra & Shanker (2021).
Distribution:
India
(Kerala,
Tamil Nadu).
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Craspedocephalus andalasensis
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Sumatran Palm Pitviper
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Andalas-Bambusotter
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Sumatra-palmehugorm
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2006 | |
Trimeresurus andalasensis David, Vogel, Vijayakumar & Vidal |
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Craspedocephalus andalasensis Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014 |
Distribution:
Indonesia
(Sumatra).
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Craspedocephalus borneensis
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Bornean Flat-nosed Pitviper, Bornean Leaf-nosed Pitviper, Bornean Palm Pitviper, Bornean Pitviper, Palm Pitviper
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Borneo-Bambusotter
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Borneo-palmehugorm
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1872 | |
Atropophis borneensis Peters |
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Lachesis borneensis Boulenger 1896 |
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Trimeresurus borneensis Barbour 1912 |
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Craspedocephalus borneensis Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014 |
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1893 | |
Bothrops sandakanensis Lidth de Jeude (Golay & al. 1993) |
Remarks:
Previously included wiroti (e.g., Toriba 1992; David & Ineich 1999). Now considered endemic to Borneo. Records from Sumatra, Thailand, and West Malaysia refer to other species (David, Vogel, Vijayakumar & Vidal 2006).
Distribution:
Brunei,
Indonesia
(Kalimantan),
Malaysia
(Sabah,
Sarawak).
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Craspedocephalus borneensis
© Rune Midtgaard
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Craspedocephalus brongersmai
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Mentawai Palm Pitviper, (Brongersma's Palm Pitviper, Brongersma's Pitviper)
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Mentawai-Bambusotter, (Brongersmas Bambusotter)
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Mentawai-palmehugorm
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1967 | |
Trimeresurus brongersmai Hoge |
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Craspedocephalus brongersmai Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014 |
Distribution:
Indonesia
(Siberut,
Simeulue).
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Craspedocephalus gramineus
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Indian Green Pitviper, Indian Bamboo Pitviper, Indian Tree Pitviper, Common Green Pitviper
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Gewöhnliche Bambusotter
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Indisk Grøn Træhugorm
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1802 | |
Coluber Gramineus Shaw |
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Trigonocephalus gramineus Cantor 1847 |
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Trimeresurus gramineus Günther 1864 |
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Lachesis gramineus Boulenger 1896 |
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Craspedocephalus gramineus Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014 |
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1802 | |
Coluber viridis Bechstein [invalid name] (syn. David, Vogel & Dubois 2011) |
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Cophias viridis Merrem 1820 |
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Trigonocephalus viridis Schinz 1822 |
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Bothrops viridis Wagler 1830 |
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Trimeresurus viridis Gray 1842 |
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Bothrophis viridis Fitzinger 1843 |
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1803 | |
Vipera viridis Daudin [not Coluber viridis Bechstein 1802] (McDiarmid, Campbell & Touré 1999) |
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1863 | |
Bothrops viridis fario Jan (Golay & al. 1993) |
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1863 | |
Bothrops viridis genei Jan (Golay & al. 1993) |
Remarks:
Previously included occidentalis.
Now restricted to peninsular India (Whitaker & Captain 2004; Gumprecht, Tillack, Orlov, Captain & Ryabov 2004; Mallik, Srikanthan, Ganesh, Vijayakumar, Campbell, Malhotra & Shanker 2021),
although previously reported from most southeast Asian countries, based on other species previously confused with gramineus.
Erroneously reported also from the Andaman Islands (e.g., Blyth 1863) (Das 1999).
Distribution:
India
(Andhra Pradesh,
Goa,
Gujarat,
Karnataka,
Kerala,
Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra,
Odisha,
Tamil Nadu,
Telangana,
West Bengal).
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Craspedocephalus macrolepis
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Large-scaled Pitviper
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Grossschuppen-Bambusotter
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Storskællet Træhugorm
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1862 | |
Trimesurus Macrolepis Beddome |
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Peltopelor macrolepis Günther 1864 |
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Trigonocephalus macrolepis Ferguson 1895 |
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Lachesis macrolepis Boulenger 1896 |
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Craspedocephalus macrolepis Mallik, Srikanthan, Ganesh, Vijayakumar, Campbell, Malhotra & Shanker 2021 |
Remarks:
Reported also from Goa by Lobo (2002), but considering how far Goa is from the nearest other records, and the fact that the author did not even comment on this
remarkable extention of the distribution of the species, this record is considered doubtful.
Distribution:
India
(Kerala,
Tamil Nadu).
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Craspedocephalus malabaricus
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Malabar Rock Pitviper, Malabarian Pitviper, (Rock Viper)
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Malabarische Bambusotter
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Malabar-træhugorm
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1854 | |
Trigonocephalus malabaricus Jerdon "1853" |
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Trimeresurus malabaricus Beddome 1862 |
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Lachesis malabaricus Rao 1917 |
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Craspedocephalus malabaricus Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014 |
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1854 | |
Trigonocephalus wardii Jerdon (Golay & al. 1993) |
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Trimeresurus wardii Beddome 1862 |
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1864 | |
Trimeresurus anamallensis Günther (Golay & al. 1993) |
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Bothrops anamallensis Müller 1878 |
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Lachesis anamallensis Boulenger 1896 |
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1917 | |
Lachesis coorgensis Rao (Golay & al. 1993) |
Distribution:
India
(Goa,
Karnataka,
Kerala,
Maharashtra,
Tamil Nadu).
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Craspedocephalus occidentalis
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Mudumallay Pitviper
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Mudumallay-Bambusotter
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Mudumallay-træhugorm
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1933 | |
Trimeresurus occidentalis Pope & Pope |
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Craspedocephalus occidentalis Mallik, Srikanthan, Ganesh, Vijayakumar, Campbell, Malhotra & Shanker 2021 |
Remarks:
Previously regarded as a synonym of gramineus (e.g., Golay & al. 1993).
Revalidated as a separate species by Mallik, Srikanthan, Ganesh, Vijayakumar, Campbell, Malhotra & Shanker (2021).
Distribution:
India
(Karnataka,
Tamil Nadu).
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Craspedocephalus peltopelor
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Agasthyamalai Pitviper
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Agasthyamalai-Bambusotter
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Agasthyamalai-træhugorm
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2021 | |
Craspedocephalus peltopelor Mallik, Srikanthan, Ganesh, Vijayakumar, Campbell, Malhotra & Shanker |
Distribution:
India
(Kerala).
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Craspedocephalus puniceus
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Ashy Pitviper, Javanese Palm Pitviper, Flat-nosed Pitviper, Leaf-nosed Pitviper
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Flachnasen-Bambusotter
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Askegrå Palmehugorm
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1824 | |
Craspedocephalus puniceus Kuhl |
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Trigonocephalus puniceus Kuhl 1824 [cited in footnote 3 and attributed to Reinhardt] |
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Cophias punicea Boie 1827 |
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Atropos puniceus Wagler 1830 |
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Trimeresurus puniceus Boettger 1892 |
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Lachesis puniceus Boulenger 1896 |
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1842 | |
Atropos acontia Gray (Golay & al. 1993) |
Remarks:
Previously included wiroti. Status of populations in western Sumatra and Mentawai Islands (referred to as T. cf. puniceus by David, Vogel, Vijayakumar & Vidal 2006) is unresolved and may represent an undescribed species (Iskandar & Colijn 2002; David, Vogel, Vijayakumar & Vidal 2006). Records from Borneo (e.g., Stuebing 1991) refer to borneensis. Records from West Malaysia (e.g., Grandison 1972; Heang, Liat & Lambert 1996; Tweedie 1961) and Thailand (e.g., Cox 1991, Nutphand, Cox, Trutnau & Smith 1991) refer to wiroti (David, Vogel, Vijayakumar & Vidal 2006).
Distribution:
Indonesia
(Anambas Islands,
Java,
Natuna Islands,
Sipura,
Sumatra,
Tinjil).
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Craspedocephalus strigatus
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Horseshoe Pitviper
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Hufeisen-Bambusotter
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Hestesko-træhugorm
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1842 | |
Trimeresurus strigatus Gray |
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Lachesis strigatus Boulenger 1896 |
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Protobothrops strigatus Kraus, Mink & Brown 1996 |
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Craspedocephalus strigatus Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014 |
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1854 | |
Atropos darwini Duméril, Bibron & Duméril (Golay & al. 1993) |
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1854 | |
Trigonocephalus neelgherriensis Jerdon (Golay & al. 1993) |
Remarks:
Kraus, Mink & Brown (1996) placed this species in the genus
Protobothrops, which was followed by some authors (e.g., David & Ineich 1999; Orlov, Ananjeva, Barabanov, Ryabov & Kha-Likov 2002; Das 2003). According to Malhotra & Thorpe (2004), however, the relationships of this species lies with Indian Craspedocephalus species (at that time still referred to as Trimeresurus by these authors) rather than with
Protobothrops, which has been followed by several authors (Gumprecht, Tillack, Orlov, Captain & Ryabov 2004; Whitaker & Captain 2004; Vogel 2006), who retained the species in the genus
Trimeresurus (later Craspedocephalus, see remarks under genus).
Distribution:
India
(Kerala,
Tamil Nadu).
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Craspedocephalus travancoricus
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Travancore Pitviper
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Travancore-Bambusotter
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Travancore-træhugorm
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2021 | |
Craspedocephalus travancoricus Mallik, Srikanthan, Ganesh, Vijayakumar, Campbell, Malhotra & Shanker |
Distribution:
India
(Kerala,
Tamil Nadu).
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Craspedocephalus trigonocephalus
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Sri Lankan Green Pitviper
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Srilankanische Bambusotter
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Srilankansk Grøn Træhugorm, (Sri Lanka-palmehugorm)
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1789 | |
Trimeresurus capitetriangulatus Lacepede [suppressed] (ICZN 1987: Opinion 1463; McDiarmid, Campbell & Touré 1999) |
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1798 | |
Coluber Trigonocephalus Donndorff |
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Vipera trigonocephala Sonnini & Latreille 1801 |
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Cophias trigonocephalus Merrem 1820 |
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Megaera trigonocephala Wagler 1830 |
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Trimeresurus trigonocephalus Günther 1964 |
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Lachesis trigonocephalus Boulenger 1896 |
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Craspedocephalus trigonocephalus Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014 |
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1820 | |
Trigonocephalus nigromarginatus Kuhl (Golay & al. 1993) |
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Bothrops nigromarginatus Duméril, Bibron & Duméril 1854 |
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1842 | |
Megaera olivacea Gray (Golay & al. 1993) |
Distribution:
Sri Lanka.
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Craspedocephalus trigonocephalus
© Rune Midtgaard
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Craspedocephalus wiroti
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Peninsular Palm Pitviper, (Wirot’s Palm Pitviper, Wirot’s Pitviper)
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Südthailändische Bambusotter, (Wirots Bambusotter)
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Sydthailandsk Palmehugorm
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1981 | |
Trimeresurus wiroti Trutnau |
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Trimeresurus puniceus wiroti Cox 1991 |
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Craspedocephalus wiroti Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014 |
Remarks:
Previously regarded as a synonym of puniceus (e.g., Nutphand, Cox, Trutnau & Smith 1991) and, more recently, of borneensis (Toriba 1992; David & Ineich 1999). Revalidated by David, Vogel, Vijayakumar & Vidal (2006).
Distribution:
Malaysia
(West Malaysia),
Thailand.
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