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Taxonomy of the genus Echis Biodiversity of the family Viperidae

Bibliography of the genus
Echis (Carpet Vipers)

(Reptilia: Serpentes: Viperidae)

Note: In order to limit redundancy, relevant literature indexed in the related bibliographies in the left column may not have been included in this page. For a comprehensive search of literature, these bibliographies should therefore also be consulted.


Echis in general

Arnold, E.N.; Robinson, M.D.; Carranza, S. 2009. A preliminary analysis of phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of the dangerously venomous carpet vipers, Echis (Squamata, Serpentes, Viperidae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences. Amphibia-Reptilia 30(2): 273-282.

Auffenberg, W.; Rehman, H. 1991. Studies on Pakistan reptiles. 1. The genus Echis (Viperidae). Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 35(5): 263-314.

Babocsay, G. 2010. [A molekularis es morfologiai modszerek elonyei es hatranyai a rendszertani kutatasokban; egy toxikus pelda, avagy az arab fureszpikkelyes-vipera (Echis coloratus) fajcsoport esete [Molecular versus morphological methods in taxonomy: a toxic case: the Echis coloratus complex]. (In Hungarian). Allattani Kozlemenyek 95(2): 179-190.

Barlow, A.; Pook, C.E.; Harrison, R.A.; Wüster, W. 2009. Coevolution of diet and prey-specific venom activity supports the role of selection in snake venom evolution. Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Sciences Series B 276(1666): 2443-2449.

Casewell, N.R.; Harrison, R.A.; Wüster, W.; Wagstaff, S.C. 2009. Comparative venom gland transcriptome surveys of the saw-scaled vipers (Viperidae: Echis) reveal substantial intra-family gene diversity and novel venom transcripts. BMC Genomics 10(564): 1-12.

Cherlin, V.A. 1983. Dependence of scale pattern in snakes of the genus Echis from climatic factors. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 62(2): 252-258.

Cherlin, V.A. 1983. New data on taxonomy of snakes from the Echis genus. Vestnik Zoologii 1983(2): 42-46.

Cherlin, V.A. 1983. New facts on the taxonomy of snakes of the genus Echis. Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 61: 1-7.

Cherlin, V.A. 1988. [The geographical distribution of snakes of the genus Echis in connection with their adaptation to environment]. (In Russian). Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Turkmenskoi SSR Seriya Biologicheskikh Nauk 1988(3): 29-33.

Cherlin, V.A. 1990. Taxonomic revision of the snake genus Echis (Viperidae). 2. An analysis of taxonomy and description of new forms. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 207: 193-223, 235.

Cherlin, V.A.; Borkin, L.J. 1990. Taxonomic revision of the snake genus Echis (Viperidae). 1. An analysis of the history of study and synonymy. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 207: 175-192, 234.

Chugh, K.S.; Mohanthy, D.; Pal, Y.; Das, K.C.; Ganguly, N.K.; Chakravarty, R.N. 1981. Hemostatic abnormalities following Echis carinatus (saw-scaled viper) envenomation in the rhesus monkey. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 30(5): 1116-1120.

Ineich, I.; Tellier, J.M. 1992. Une glande supralabiale a debouche externe chez le genre Echis (Reptilia, Viperidae), cas unique chez les serpents. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Serie III Sciences de la Vie 315(2): 49-53.

Jennings, M.C. 2008. Viper kills and eats wheatear. Phoenix 24: 23, 13.

Joger, U.; Courage, K. 1999. Are Palaearctic 'rattlesnakes' (Echis and Cerastes) monophyletic? Kaupia Darmstädter Beiträge Zur Naturgeschichte 8: 65-81.

Mehrtens, J.M. 1950. The saw-scaled viper in captivity. Herpetologica 6: 202.

Pauwels, O.S.G.; David, P. 2008. Miscellanea herpetologica Gabonica II. Hamadryad 32(1): 19-24.

Pook, C.E.; Joger, U.; Stuempel, N.; Wüster, W. 2009. When continents collide: Phylogeny, historical biogeography and systematics of the medically important viper genus Echis (Squamata: Serpentes: Viperidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 53(3): 792-807.

Richards, D.P.; Barlow, A.; Wüster, W. 2012. Venom lethality and diet: differential responses of natural prey and model organisms to the venom of the saw-scaled vipers (Echis). Toxicon 59(1): 110-116.

Rogalski, A.; Soerensen, C.; Brouw, B. op den; Lister, C.; Dashevsky, D.; Arbuckle, K.; Gloria, A.; Zdenek, C.N.; Casewell, N.R.; Gutiérrez, J.M.; Wüster, W.; Ali, S.A.; Masci, P.; Rowley, P.; Frank, N.; Fry, B.G. 2017. Differential procoagulant effects of saw-scaled viper (Serpentes: Viperidae: Echis) snake venoms on human plasma and the narrow taxonomic ranges of antivenom efficacies. Toxicology Letters 280: 159-170.

Stemmler, O. 1991. Die Sandrasselottern und ihre nächsten Verwandten (Echis viperidae). Aquaria (St Gallen) 38(9): 261-269.

Stemmler, O. 1991. Die Sandrasselottern und ihre nächsten verwandten (Echis, Viperidae). Aquaria (St Gallen) 38(10): 290-298.

Villiers, A. 1950. Contribution a l'étude de l'Air (Mission L. Chopard et A. Villiers). Reptiles. Ophidiens et cheloniens. Mem. Inst. Franc. Afr. Noire 10: 337-344.

Whitaker, R. 1976. Echis collection in Ratnagiri district. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 71(3) [1974]: 617-620.

Echis borkini

Stuempel, N.; Joger, U. 2009. Recent advances in phylogeny and taxonomy of Near and Middle Eastern vipers - an update. ZooKeys 31 (Special Issue): 179-191.

Echis carinatus

Rhadi, F.A.; Rastegar-Pouyani, E.; Rastegar-Pouyani, N.; Mohammed, R.G.; Yousefkhani, S.S.H. 2016. Phylogenetic affinities of the Iraqi populations of Saw-scaled Vipers of the genus Echis (Serpentes: Viperidae), revealed by sequences of mtDNA genes. Zoology in the Middle East 62(4): 299-305.

Adiyodi, K.G. 1961. Occurrence of the Phoorsa, Echis carinata (Schneider) along the Malabar coast south of Karwar. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 58: 528.

Afrasiab, S.R.; Al-Ganabi, M.I.; Al-Fartosi, K. 2012. Snake species new or rare to the herpetofauna of Iraq. Herpetozoa 24(3-4): 179-181.

Backhaus, D. 1972. Unterschiede in der Giftwirkung von Sandrasselottern (Echis carinatus) und Kettenvipern (Vipera russelii). Salamandra 8(3-4): 177-178.

Banerji, R.P. 1910. The Echis carinata bite. Ind. Med. Gaz. Calcutta 45: 140.

Bannerman, W.B. 1910. Note on the breeding of Echis carinata. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 20: 230-231.

Baskar, N.; Rao, M.J. 1996. Notes on breeding of sawscaled viper at Arignar Anna Zoological Park. Cobra (Madras) 25: 15.

Basu Jahas, S.A.; Thomas, J.; Easa, P.S. 1996. A report on the occurrence of sawscaled viper (Echis carinatus) in Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala. Cobra (Madras) 25: 13.

Bogdanov, O.P. 1970. Autumn feeding of the saw-scaled viper (Echis carinatus). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 49: 162-163.

Bons, J.; Dakka, A. 1963. Capture au Maroc de la vipère des pyramides, Echis carinatus (Schneider 1801). C. R. Soc. Sci. nat. Maroc 2: 55-57.

Branch, W.R. 1980. The scientific results of the Oman flora and fauna survey, 1977 (Dhofar). Chromosome morphology of some reptiles from Oman and adjacent territories. Journal of Oman Studies Special Report 2: 333-345.

Butler, A.E. 1958. Jumping snakes. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 55: 173.

Cansdale, G.S. 1958. West African snakes: Correction to fig. of E. carinatus, vol. 14, p. 113, should be B. arietans. Nigerian Field 23: 47-48.

Cherlin, V.A. 1977. [The relationship between behaviour in Echis carinatus and microclimatic conditions]. pp. 227-228. In: Darevsky, I.S. [Fourth All-Union Herpetological Conference. Questions in Herpetology]. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Zoologicheskij Institut. Izdatel'stvo 'Nauka', Leningrad. 243 pp. (In Russian).

Cherlin, V.A. 1981. [The effect of humidity in the habitat of Echis multisquamatus in southern Turkmenia]. pp. 149-150. (In Russian). In: Darevsky, I.S., Ananjeva, N.B., Barkagan, Z.S., Borkin, L.Y., Sokolova, T.M. & Shcherbak, N.N. (eds.). The problems of herpetology: abstracts. Nauka, Leningrad. 163 pp.

Cherlin, V.A. 1981. The new saw-scaled viper Echis multisquamatus sp. nov. from south-western and Middle Asia. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR 101: 92-95.

Cherlin, V.A.; Tsellarius, A.J. 1981. The behaviour dependence of the saw-scaled viper, Echis multisquamatus Cherlin, 1981 on temperature in south Turkmenia. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR 101: 96-108.

Cloudsley-Thompson, J.L. 1988. The saw-sealed viper (Echis carinatus). British Herpetological Society Bulletin 24: 32-33.

Daniels, R.J.R. 2011. Snake abundance: the limits of occupancy-based estimates. Current Science (Bangalore) 101(2): 137-138.

Deoras, P.J.; Vad, N.E. 1958. Probable food habit of Echis carinatus. Proceedings Indian Sci. Congr. 45(3): 378.

Deraniyagala, P.E.P. 1951. Some new races of the snakes Eryx, Callophis and Echis. Spolia Zeylanica 26: 147-150.

Devaraj, A. 1990. Studies on sex ratio in the poisonous viper Echis carinatus. Indian Zoologist 14(1-2): 7-9.

Dowling, H.G. 1959. Rattles and hisses and rasping scales. Animal Kingdom 62: 140-142.

Drewes, R.C.; Sacherer, J.M. 1974. A new population of carpet vipers Echis carinatus from northern Kenya. Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society and National Museum 145: 1-7.

Fernando, E.C. 1962. The occurrence of Echis carinatus - the saw-scaled viper in the southern Province. Loris 9: 215-216.

Feroze, A.; Malik, S.A.; Kilpatrick, W.C. 2010. Phylogenetic relationships of medically important vipers of Pakistan inferred from cytochrome b sequences. Journal of Animal and Plants Sciences 20(3): 147-157.

Gans, C.; Latifi, M. 1973. Another case of presumptive mimicry in snakes. Copeia 1973(4): 801-802.

Gnanathasan, A.; Chaturaka, R.; Peranantharajah, T.; Coonghe, A. 2012. Case report: Saw-scaled Viper bites in Sri Lanka: is it a different subspecies? Clinical evidence from an authenticated case series. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 86(2): 254-257.

Hillaby, J. 1964. A plague of vipers. New Scientist 23: 780-782.

Hughes, B. 1976. Notes on African carpet vipers, Echis carinatus, E. leucogaster, and E. ocellatus (Viperidae, Serpentes). Revue Suisse de Zoologie 83(2): 359-371.

Jaleel, T.M.A. 1967. [First report of Echis carinata from Travancore]. Indian Forester 93: 273.

Jolly, G.G. 1912. Habitat of Echis carinata. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 21: 1340.

Khacher, L.J. 1977. Echis in trees. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 74(1): 180-181.

Khan, M.S. 2002. Notes on saw-scale viper Echis carinatus and its status in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 34(3): 181-187.

Kroon, C. 1975. A possible Müllerian mimetic complex among snakes. Copeia 1975(3): 425-428.

Kumar, K.K.; Palot, M.J. 2008. On the occurrence of saw-scaled viper (Echis carinatus) at Peringavu Hills, Malappuram District, Kerala. Cobra (Chennai) 2(1): 22-25.

Lehmann, H.D. 1964. Echis carinata im Terrarium. DATZ (Die Aquarien- und Terrarien-Zeitschrift) 17: 151-152.

Meaden, A.A. 1928. Recovery from the bite of a phoorsa Echis carinata. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 32: 800-801.

Mebs, D.; Kornalik, F. 1981. Schlangengiftseren - Probleme ihrer Wirksamkeit, untersucht am Beispiel von Echis carinatus (Reptilia: Serpentes: Viperidae). Salamandra 17(3-4): 89-98.

Medd, H.A.N. 1956. Jumping snakes. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 54: 195-197.

Meier, J.; Freyvogel, T.A. 1980. Comparative studies on venoms of the fer-de-lance (Bothrops atrox), carpet viper (Echis carinatus) and spitting cobra (Naja nigricollis) snakes at different ages. Toxicon 18(5-6): 661-662.

Meinig, H.; Kessler, H. 1998. Herpetologische Beobachtungen im Rahmen einer Nationalparkplanung: Barr al Hikman und Masirah Island, Sultanat von Oman (Amphibia; Reptilia). Faunistische Abhandlungen (Dresden) 21(Supplement): 89-97.

Mendelssohn, H. 1965. On the biology of the venomous snakes of Israel. 2. Israel Journal of Zoology 14: 185-212.

Mosse, A.H.E. 1912. Saw-scaled viper (Echis carinata) as a tree-snake. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 21: 1339-1340.

Murthy, T.N.; Venkateswarlu, T. 1972. Notes on the occurrence of the saw scaled viper, Echis carinatus (Schn.) (Serpentes: Viperidae) around Madras and its habits. Indian J. Zool. 13(3): 117-118.

Persianova, L.A. 1975. [Abundance and measurements of the carpet viper in various populations]. pp. 86-88. (In Russian). In: Khairutdinov, K.S. & Devletshina, A.G. (eds.): [Ecology and biology of the animals of Uzbekistan. 2. Vertebrates]. Fan, Tashkent. 191 pp.

Persianova, L.A.; Krylova, E.S. 1977. [On reproduction in the saw-scaled viper Echis carinata]. pp. 167-168. In: Darevsky, I.S. [Fourth All-Union Herpetological Conference. Questions in Herpetology]. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Zoologicheskij Institut. Izdatel'stvo 'Nauka', Leningrad. 243 pp. (In Russian).

Pitman, C.R.S. 1972. The saw-scaled viper or carpet viper (Echis carinatus) in Africa and its bite. Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa 9: 6-34.

Purohit, G.R. 1944. Echis carinata poisoning. Ind. med. Gaz. 79(6): 266-267.

Radhakrishnan, C. 1997. Occurrence of saw scaled viper, Echis carinatus (Schneider) (Viperidae: Serpentes: Squamata: Reptilia) in Trichur district, Kerala. Cobra (Chennai) 30: 13-15.

Rahmani, A.R.; Bhushan, B. 1986. Large grey shrike killing a snake. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 82(3) [1985]: 656-657.

Ravichandran, B.; Siliwal, M. 2010. Snakes of Rameshwaram. Reptile RAP 9: 2-3.

Reinhold, C.H. 1910. A fatal case of snake-bite by Echis carinata. Ind. Med. Gaz. Calcutta 45: 456-458.

Rice, H.J. 1925. Recovery from the bite of Echis carinata. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 30: 706-707.

Scortecci, G. 1955. Viaggio di esplorazione biologica sulle montagne della Migiurtinia compiuto con il contribute del consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche. Bollettino dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici dell'Universita di Genova 25 [1953-1955]: 43-105.

Sengupta, S.; Tare, T.G.; Sutar, N.K.; Renapurkar, D.M. 1994. Ecology and distribution of Echis carinatus snakes in Deogad Taluka and other areas of Maharashtra State, India. Journal of Wilderness Medicine 5(3): 282-286.

Sharma, B.D. 1977. Notes on the habits and distribution of the saw scaled viper (phoorsa), Echis carinatus (Sohn) (Serpentes, Viperidae). British Herpetological Society Newsletter 17: 5-7.

Sharma, B.D.; Vad, N.E. 2002. Ecology of saw scaled viper Echis carinatus (Schn.). pp. 148-212. In: Sharma, B.D. (ed.). Indian poisonous snakes: an ecological and clinical study. Anmol Publications, New Delhi. 341 pp.

Sharma, O.P.; Kour, G. 2005. Karyology of four Indian snakes. Caryologia 58(4): 380-386.

Singh, C. 1925. Fatal cases of snake-bite (? Echis carinatus). Ind. Med. Gaz. Calcutta 60: 471-472, 477-478.

Singh, S.F.; Sharma, R.M. 1992. A note on the status of the saw-scaled viper (Echis carinatus) in Sindhudurg District of Maharashtra. Herpeton (Pune) 4 [1991]: 11-12.

Sinha, B.; Sharma, R.C. 2008. Records of Eryx johnii (Russell, 1801) (Ophidia: Boidae) and Echis carinatus (Schneider, 1801) (Ophidia: Viperidae) from the Thar desert, Rajasthan, India, with distributional notes on other snakes. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 105(3): 342-343.

Stemmler, O. 1969. Die Sandrasselotter aus Pakistan: Echis carinatus sochureki subsp. nov. Aqua Terra 6: 118-125.

Stemmler, O. 1970. Über den Geburtsvorgang bei einer Sandrasselotter (Echis carinatus). Salamandra 6(1-2): 18-25.

Stemmler-Gyger, O. 1965. Zur Biologie der Rassen von Echis carinatus (Schneider 1801). Salamandra 1: 29-46.

Stubenvoll, R. 1953. Die Sandrasselotter (Echis carinata). DATZ (Die Aquarien- und Terrarien-Zeitschrift) 6: 99.

Torki, F. 2009. Einige ökologische and biologische Aspekte von Echis carinatus sochureki Stemmler, 1969, mit Anmerkungen zur wahrscheinlichen Ausbreitung der Gattung Echis Merrem 1820, in Südwest-Asien. Sauria (Berlin) 31(1): 33-37.

Toschi, A. 1946. The saw-scaled viper (Echis carinatus) in Kenya. Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society 19(3-4): 134.

Tuck, R.G. 1974. Geographic distribution: Echis carinatus. Iran: Strait of Hormoz: Hormoz Island. Herpetological Review 5(4): 108.

Tyurin, S.V. 1986. A record of scaleless specimen of saw-scaled carpet viper Echis multisquamatus. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR 157: 202.

Vidal, G.W. 1890. A List of the venomous snakes of North Kanara; with remarks as to the imperfections of existing records of the distribution of snakes, and facts and statistics showing the influence of Echis carinata on the death-rate of the Bombay Presidency. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 5: 64-71.

Villiers, A. 1956. Le Parc National du Niokolo-Koba, Reptiles. Memoires de l'Institut Fondamental D'Afrique Noire 48: 143-162.

Vyas, R. 1987. A list of the snakes of the Bhavnagar district. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 84(1): 277-231.

Vyas, R. 1998. Captive breeding of the saw-scaled viper (Echis carinatus). Hamadryad 22(2) [1997]: 115-117.

Wall, F. 1900. Parturition of an Echis carinata. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 13: 184.

Wall, F. 1909. Notes on two casualties from the sawscaled viper (Echis carinata). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 19: 266-267.

Wall, F. 1925. A case of Echis carinatus(?) poisoning. Failure of calcium as a therapeutic agent. Death in 86 1/2 hours. Ind. Med. Gaz. Calcutta 60: 470-471.

Warrell, D.A.; Arnett, C. 1976. The importance of bites by the saw-scaled or carpet viper (Echis carinatus): epidemiological studies in Nigeria and a review of the world literature. Acta Tropica (Basel) 33(4): 307-341.

Warrell, D.A.; Davidson, N.M.; Greenwood, B.M.; Ormerod, L.D.; Pope, H.M.; Watkins, B.; Prentice, C.R.M. 1977. Poisoning by bites of the saw-scaled or carpet viper (Echis carinatus) in Nigeria. Quart. J. Med. Sci. 46: 33-62.

Whitaker, R. 1970. Notes on bites by the saw-scaled viper, Echis carinatus in the Deogad area of Ratnagiri district, Maharashtra. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 67: 335-337.

Whitaker, R. 1973. Climbing response of two snake species during rain (Echis carinatus and Vipera russellii). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 70(2): 387-388.

Whitaker, R. 1976. Echis in Tamil Nadu. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 72(2) [1975]: 563.

Whitaker, R.; Andrews, H.V. 1996. Snake capture and venom extraction in Tamil Nadu, India. Occasional Papers of the IUCN Species Survival Commission 12: 12-13, 40-46.

Whitaker, R.; Whitaker, S. 2012. Venom, antivenom production and the medically important snakes of India. Current Science (Bangalore) 103(6): 635-643.

Young, B.A.; Meltzer, K.; Marsit, C. 1999. Scratching the surface of mimicry: sound production through scale abrasion in snakes. Hamadryad 24(1): 29-38.

Echis coloratus

Al Asmari, A.; Rajamohammed, A.M.; Khan, H.A. 2014. Identification and phylogeny of Arabian snakes: Comparison of venom chromatographic profiles versus 16S rRNA gene sequences. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 21(5): 436-441.

Al-Johany, A.M.; Al-Sadoon, M.K. 1996. Selected body temperature and metabolic rate-temperature curves of three species of desert snakes. Journal of Arid Environments 34(3): 363-370.

Anderson, J. 1900. On the presence of Echis coloratus Gunther, in Africa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Ser. 7) 6: 419-425.

Babocsay, G. 2001. Sexual differences in geographic variation of some morphological characters in Echis coLoratus (Viperidae, Ophidia). pp. 39-42. In: Valakos, E.; Lymberakis, P.; Pafilis, P. & Mylonas, M. (eds.). Herpetologia candiana. Natural History Museum of Crete, Irakleio. 151 pp.

Babocsay, G. 2003. Geographic variation in Echis coLoratus (Viperidae, Ophidia) in the Levant with the description of a new subspecies. Zoology in the Middle East 29: 13-32.

Borkin, L.Y.; Cherlin, V.A. 1995. On the validity of the name Echis coloratus and the type locality of Echis megalocephalus. (In Russian, English summary). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 74(9): 134-136.

Cherchi, M.A.; Spano, S. 1964. Note sur un viperide dell'Arabia meridionale: Echis coloratus Gunther - Spedizione Scortecci nell'Hadramaut (1962). Bollettino dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici dell'Universita di Genova 32 [1962-1963]: 109-116.

Dmi'el, R. 1998. Skin resistance to evaporative water loss in viperid snakes: habitat aridity versus taxonomic status. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A Molecular & Integrative Physiology 121(1): 1-5.

Dmi'el, R. 1998. Skin resistance to water loss in viperid snakes. Russian Journal of Herpetology 5(1): 5-9.

Gardner, A.S. 2004. A new species of viper described from the UAE and northern Oman. Tribulus 14(2): 32.

Gillett, M. 1994. Arabian toad is a prey species of carpet viper. Tribulus 4(1): 21.

Goldberg, S.R. 2014. Natural history notes: Echis coloratus (Palestine Saw-scaled Viper). Reproduction. Herpetological Review 45(3): 515-516.

Goode, M. 1979. Notes on captive reproduction in Echis colorata (Serpentes: Viperidae). Herpetological Review 10(4): 94.

Goode, M. 1983. Life history notes: Echis colorata (Palestine Saw-scaled Viper). Water economy. Herpetological Review 14(4): 120.

Haas, G. 1957. Some amphibians and reptiles from Arabia. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Ser. 4) 29(4): 47-86.

Haas, G.; Battersby, J.C. 1959. Amphibians and reptiles from Arabia. Copeia 1959: 196-202.

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1981. Opinion 1176. Echis colorata[sic] Günther, 1878 (Reptilia; Serpentes) given nomenclatural precedence over Echis froenata[sic] Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril, 1854. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France 38(2): 110-111.

Lahony, S.R.; Khleifat, K.; Al Tarawneh, K.A.; Abboud, M.M.; Al Oran, R.M.; Al-Tarawneh, A.A.; Homady, M.H. 2002. Variations in five species of Jordanian reptiles with new record on the land tortoises Testudo floweri (Testudinidae: Chelonia). Pakistan Journal of Zoology 34(1): 43-49.

Lehmann, M. 1987. The Arabic sawscaled viper, Echis coloratus. Litteratura Serpentium (English Edition) 7(6): 258-266.

Magid, I.M.A. 1949. Echis coloratus. Bull. Zool. Soc. Egypt 1949: 17-18.

Mendelssohn, H. 1965. On the biology of the venomous snakes of Israel. 2. Israel Journal of Zoology 14: 185-212.

Sharawy, S.M.; Al-Shammari, A.M. 2009. Checklist of poisonous plants and animals in Aja Mountain, Ha'il Region, Saudia Arabia. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 3(3): 2217-2225.

Tsairi, H.; Bouskila, A. 2004. Ambush site selection of a desert snake (Echis coloratus) at an oasis. Herpetologica 60(1): 13-23.

Warburg, M.R. 1964. Observations on microclimate in habitats of some desert vipers in the Negev, Arava and Dead Sea region. Vie et Milieu 15: 1017-1041.

Yosef, R.; Ramirez, R.J.; Zduniak, P. 2012. Habitat choice of Palestine Saw-scaled Viper (Echis coloratus) in an extreme environment. Journal of Herpetology 46(4): 671-674.

Young, B.A.; Meltzer, K.; Marsit, C. 1999. Scratching the surface of mimicry: sound production through scale abrasion in snakes. Hamadryad 24(1): 29-38.

Echis jogeri

Trape, J.F. 2018. Partition d’Echis ocellatus Stemmler, 1970 (Squamata, Viperidae), avec la description d’une espèce nouvelle. Bulletin de la Societe Herpetologique de France 167: 13-34.

Trape, J.F.; Baldé, C. 2014. A checklist of the snake fauna of Guinea, with taxonomic changes in the genera Philothamnus and Dipsadoboa (Colubridae) and a comparison with the snake fauna of some other West African countries. Zootaxa 3900(3): 301-338.

Echis khosatzkii

Schätti, B.; Gasperetti, J. 1994. A contribution to the herpetofauna of southwest Arabia. Fauna of Saudi Arabia 14: 348-423.

Echis leucogaster

Aymerich, M.; Borof-Aymerich, E.; Geniez, P. 2004. Neufunde der seltenen Weissbäuchigen Sandrasselotter Echis leucogaster Roman, 1972 in Marokko (Serpentes: Viperidae). Herpetozoa 16(3-4): 157-162.

Herrmann, H.W.; Herrmann, P.A.; Geniez, P. 2000. Zur Verbreitung von Echis leucogaster Roman, 1972 in Marokko. Salamandra 36(3): 203-207.

Hughes, B. 1976. Notes on African carpet vipers, Echis carinatus, E. leucogaster, and E. ocellatus (Viperidae, Serpentes). Revue Suisse de Zoologie 83(2): 359-371.

Joger, U.; Lambert, M. 1996. Analysis of the herpetofauna of the Republic of Mali, 1. Annotated inventory, with description of a new Uromastyx (Sauria: Agamidae). Journal of African Zoology 110(1): 21-51.

Karhánek, J.; Koleska, D.; Marmol Marin, G.M. de; Sassoe-Pognetto, M. 2018. New records of Echis leucogaster in Morocco. Herpetology Notes 11: 655-657.

Maran, J.; Geniez, P. 1999. Nouvelles observations sur l'herpetofaune du Maroc, 7. Redecouverte de l'echide a ventre blanc, Echis leucogaster Roman, 1972 (Reptilia, Serpentes, Viperidae) au Maroc. Bulletin de la Societe Herpetologique de France 90: 63-64.

Marmol Marin, G.M. del; Fernandez-Baudilio, R. 2012. An important new record of Echis leucogaster Roman, 1972 from Morocco. Herpetology Notes 5: 229-231.

Roman, B. 1972. Deux sous-espèces de la vipère Echis carinatus (Schneider) dans les territoires de Haute-Volta et du Niger: Echis carinatus ocellatus Stemmler - Echis carinatus leucogaster n. ssp. Notes et Documents Voltaiques 5(4): 3-13.

Roman, B. 1975. La vipère Echis carinatus leucogaster, Roman, 1972 de Haute Volta et du Niger elevée au rang d'espèce: Echis leucogaster. Notes et Documents Voltaiques 8(4): 3-20.

Echis megalocephalus

Borkin, L.Y.; Cherlin, V.A. 1995. On the validity of the name Echis coloratus and the type locality of Echis megalocephalus. (In Russian, English summary). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 74(9): 134-136.

Echis ocellatus

Anonymous. 1975. Bites by the saw-scaled viper (Echis carinatus ocellatus) in Nigeria. Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa 13(1): 21.

Chevalier, J. 1997. Nouvelles donnees sur l'ecologie d'Echis ocellatus (Viperidae) au Burkina Faso. Bulletin de la Societe Herpetologique de France 81: 21-27.

Giboin, L.M. 1951. Note sur la presence et l'importance au Togo d'"Echis carinatus" Schn. Med. Trop. Marseille 11(4): 661-668.

Gimmel, S. 2004. Haltung, Pflege and Nachzucht der Westafrikanischen Augenfleck-Sandrasselotter Echis ocellatus Stemmler, 1970 (Serpentes: Viperidae: Viperinae). Sauria (Berlin) 26(4): 31-38.

Hughes, B. 1976. Notes on African carpet vipers, Echis carinatus, E. leucogaster, and E. ocellatus (Viperidae, Serpentes). Revue Suisse de Zoologie 83(2): 359-371.

Revault, P. 1996. Scolopendra morsitans Linnaeus, 1758: a characteristic prey of the African carpet viper Echis ocellatus Stemmler, 1970. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris) 169: 495-499.

Roman, B. 1972. Deux sous-espèces de la vipère Echis carinatus (Schneider) dans les territoires de Haute-Volta et du Niger: Echis carinatus ocellatus Stemmler - Echis carinatus leucogaster n. ssp. Notes et Documents Voltaiques 5(4): 3-13.

Salon, G. 1951. Envenimation par "Echis carinatus" Schn. dans la region de Sokade (Nord. Togo). Med. Trop. Marseille 11(4): 655-660.

Stemmler, O. 1970. Die Sandrasselotter aus West-Afrika: Echis carinatus ocellatus subsp. nov. (Serpentes, Viperidae). Revue Suisse de Zoologie 77: 273-282.

Trape, J.F. 2018. Partition d’Echis ocellatus Stemmler, 1970 (Squamata, Viperidae), avec la description d’une espèce nouvelle. Bulletin de la Societe Herpetologique de France 167: 13-34.

Echis omanensis

Babocsay, G. 2004. A new species of saw-scaled viper of the Echis coLoratus complex (Ophidia: Viperidae) from Oman, eastern Arabia. Systematics and Biodiversity 1(4): 503-514.

Gardner, A.S. 2004. A new species of viper described from the UAE and northern Oman. Tribulus 14(2): 32.

Echis pyramidum

Al Asmari, A.; Rajamohammed, A.M.; Khan, H.A. 2014. Identification and phylogeny of Arabian snakes: Comparison of venom chromatographic profiles versus 16S rRNA gene sequences. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 21(5): 436-441.

Duff-Mackay, A. 1965. Notes on the biology of the carpet viper, Echis carinatus pyramidum (Geoffroy), in the Northern Frontier Province of Kenya. Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society 25: 28-40.

Ionides, C.J.P.; Pitman, C.R.S. 1965. Notes on two East African venomous snake populations. Echis carinatus pyramidum (Geoffroy), Egyptian saw-scaled viper, and Vipera hindii Boulenger, Montane viper. Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society 25: 116-121.

Jooris, R. 1983. Breeding results. Echis carinatus pyramidum. Litteratura Serpentium 3(6): 218-219.

Loveridge, A. 1952. The saw-scaled viper in Kenya. Journal East Africa & Uganda Natural History Society 20: 461.

Odat, S.; Al-Shammari, A.M. 2013. Statistical analysis for Echis pyramedium [pyramidum] environment and its thermo adaptation at Jazan region - Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Advances in Environmental Biology 7(1): 212-222.

Pezzano, V. 1987. Reproduction of Echis pyramidum (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1827) in captivity. Litteratura Serpentium (English Edition) 7(6): 272-277.

Stemmler, O. 1971. Zur Haltung von Echis carinatus leakeyi Stemmler und Sochurek 1969, der Kenya-Sandrasselotter (Reptilia, Serpentes). Zoologische Garten (Leipzig) 40(4-5): 200-210.

Stemmler, O.; Sochurek, E. 1969. Die Sandrasselotter von Kenya: Echis carinatus leakeyi subsp. nov. Aqua Terra 6: 89-94.

Young, B.A.; Meltzer, K.; Marsit, C. 1999. Scratching the surface of mimicry: sound production through scale abrasion in snakes. Hamadryad 24(1): 29-38.

Echis romani

Trape, J.F. 2018. Partition d’Echis ocellatus Stemmler, 1970 (Squamata, Viperidae), avec la description d’une espèce nouvelle. Bulletin de la Societe Herpetologique de France 167: 13-34.