Home - Taxonomy - Geography - Biodiversity - Literature - Purchase RepFocus Recent updates Citation: Midtgaard, Rune. RepFocus - A Survey of the Reptiles of the World. (www.repfocus.dk). Latest update: March 2nd, 2024. Taxonomy of the family Colubridae Bibliography of the genus Erythrolamprus Biodiversity of the family Colubridae Genus Erythrolamprus Neotropical Smooth Snakes Neotropische Glattnattern Neotropiske Glatsnoge 1826 Erythrolamprus Boie (type species: Coluber venustissimus Wied 1821) 1830 Liophis Wagler (type species: Coluber cobella Linnaeus 1758; syn. Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, Moura-Leite & Bonatto 2009) 1843 Calophis Fitzinger (type species: Coluber cursor Lacepede 1789; syn. Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, Moura-Leite & Bonatto 2009) 1843 Dromicus Bibron in de la Sagra (type species: Coluber cursor Lacepede 1789; syn. Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, Moura-Leite & Bonatto 2009) 1843 Erythrophis Fitzinger (type species: Coluber venustissimus Wied 1821; syn. Machado 1945) 1843 Leimadophis Fitzinger (type species: Natrix almadensis Wagler 1824; syn. Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, Moura-Leite & Bonatto 2009) 1843 Opheomorphus Fitzinger (type species: Coluber miliaris Linnaeus 1758; syn. Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, Moura-Leite & Bonatto 2009) 1843 Pariopeltis Fitzinger (type species: Coluber triscalis Linnaeus 1758; syn. Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, Moura-Leite & Bonatto 2009) 1843 Pseudophis Fitzinger (type species: Xenodon schotti Schlegel 1837; syn. Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, Moura-Leite & Bonatto 2009) 1964 Umbrivaga Roze (type species: Umbrivaga mertensi Roze 1964; syn. Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, Moura-Leite & Bonatto 2009) Contents: 55 species, of which 20 (36.4%) are endemic. In addition to this, 1 endemic species (perfuscus) is considered extinct. Endemism: 0% 100% Other common names: Mock Coral Snakes, (False Coral Snakes) (Erythrolamprus, s.s.) Neotropical Ground Snakes, (Neotropical Swamp Snakes) (Liophis) Northwestern Neotropical Forest Snakes (Umbrivaga) Remarks: Previously included Eutrachelophis steinbachi and Arcanumophis problematicus. Systematics of this group of snakes has been turbulent, and the taxonomic status of Erythrolamprus and several of its synonyms remains uncertain. Erythrolamprus was regarded as a synonym of Liophis by Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, Moura-Leite & Bonatto (2009), in spite of the fact that Erythrolamprus, being an older name, has priority over Liophis. This mistake was later acknowledged and the synonymization reversed by Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto (2012). Although the synonymization has been considered premature (e.g., Curcio, Piacentini & Fernandes 2009; Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014; Souto, Pinna, Machado & Lopes 2017), it appears to have been followed by most authors since. Also the validity of Umbrivaga is disputed. Although nested within (thus synonymous with) Erythrolamprus (Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto 2012; Pyron, Burbrink & Wiens 2013), some authors have retained it as a valid genus (e.g., Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014). Distribution: Central America, South America. Reported from: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (Acre, Alagoas, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Distrito Federal, Espirito Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para [incl. Marajo Island], Paraiba, Parana, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro [incl. Ilha Grande Island], Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondonia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo [incl. Sao Sebastiao], Sergipe, Tocantins), Colombia, Costa Rica, Curacao, Dominica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Lucia (Maria Islands), Surinam, Trinidad & Tobago (Tobago, Trinidad), Uruguay, Venezuela (incl. Margarita). Erythrolamprus aenigma Savannah Smooth Snake, Savannah Racer Savannen-Glattnatter Savanne-glatsnog 2021 Erythrolamprus aenigma Entiauspe-Neto, Abegg, Koch, Nuñez, Azevedo, Moraes, Tiutenko, Bialves & Loebmann Remarks: Previously regarded as a population of E. poecilogyrus schotti (e.g., Cole, Townsend, Reynolds, MacCulloch & Lathrop 2013; Costa & Bérnils 2018; Dixon 1989; Rivas-Fuenmayor, Molina, Ugueto, Barros, Barrio-Amorós & Kok 2012). Distribution: Brazil (Roraima), Guyana, Venezuela. Erythrolamprus aesculapii Southern Mock Coral Snake, Necklace Snake, Aesculapian False Coral Snake Äskulap-Korallennatter Æskulap-koralsnog 1766 Coluber Aesculapii Linnaeus Erythrolamprus aesculapii Duméril, Bibron & Duméril 1854 Liophis aesculapii Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, Moura-Leite & Bonatto 2009 1766 Coluber agilis Linnaeus (syn. Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970) 1789 Coluber nigrofasciatus Lacepede (syn. Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970) 1803 Coluber atro-cinctus Daudin (syn. Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970) 1821 Coluber venustissimus Wied Erythrolamprus aesculapii venustissima Machado 1945 Erythrolamprus venustissima Dixon 1980 1823 Coluber binatus Lichtenstein (syn. Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970) 1854 Erythrolamprus bauperthuisii Duméril, Bibron & Duméril (syn. Cunha & Nascimento 1980) 1854 Erythrolamprus intricatus Duméril, Bibron & Duméril (syn. Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970) 1854 Erytrolamprus milberti [sic] Duméril, Bibron & Duméril (syn. Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970) 1860 Erythrolamprus albostulatus Cope (syn. Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970) 1863 Erythrolamprus aesculapii confluentus Jan (syn. Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970) 1863 Erythrolamprus aesculapii dicranta Jan (syn. Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970) 1863 Erythrolamprus aesculapii monozona Jan 1863 Erythrolamprus aesculapii tetrazona Jan 1959 Erythrolamprus baileyi Roze (syn. Cunha Nascimento 1980) Remarks: Previously included ocellatus. Records from Tobago refer to ocellatus. Distribution: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (Acre, Alagoas, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Distrito Federal, Espirito Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para, Parana, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro [incl. Ilha Grande Island], Rondonia, Roraima, Sao Paulo [incl. Sao Sebastiao], Sergipe, Tocantins), Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Surinam, Trinidad & Tobago (Trinidad), Venezuela. Erythrolamprus aesculapii © Henrik Bringsøe Erythrolamprus albertguentheri Bolivian Green Smooth Snake, (Günther's Ground Snake) Bolivianische Grüne Glattnatter Boliviansk Grøn Glatsnog 1897 Liophis Guentheri Peracca [not Erythrolamprus guentheri Garman 1883] 2012 Erythrolamprus albertguentheri Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto 2012 [substitute name for Liophis guentheri Peracca 1897] Remarks: Validity confirmed by Dixon (1987). Distribution: Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay. Erythrolamprus albiventris Quito Smooth Snake Quito-Glattnatter Quito-glatsnog 1863 Liophis reginae var. albiventris Jan Liophis albiventris Cope 1899 Leimadophis albiventris Dunn 1944 Liophis epinephelus albiventris Dixon 1983 Erythrolamprus albiventris Torres-Carvajal & Hinojosa 2020 Remarks: Previously regarded as a subspecies of epinephelus (e.g., Dixon 1983). Revalidated as a separate species by Torres-Carvajal & Hinojosa (2020). Distribution: Colombia, Ecuador. Erythrolamprus albiventris © Henrik Bringsøe Erythrolamprus almadensis Almada Smooth Snake, Almaden Ground Snake Almada-Glattnatter Almada-glatsnog 1824 Natrix almadensis Wagler Coronella almadensis Fitzinger 1826 Liophis almadensis Wagler 1830 Leimadophis almadensis Serié 1921 Erythrolamprus almadensis Zaher, Barbo, Martínez, Nogueira, Rodrigues & Sawaya 2011 1824 Natrix almada Wagler 1858 Liophis conirostris Günther (syn. Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970) 1882 Liophis y-graecum Peters (syn. Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970) 1906 Trigonocephalus scolecomorphus Bacqué (syn. Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970) Distribution: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (Amazonas, Bahia, Distrito Federal, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para [incl. Marajo Island], Paraiba, Parana, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondonia, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Tocantins), Paraguay, Uruguay. Erythrolamprus andinus Andean Smooth Snake Andes-Glattnatter Andes-glatsnog 1983 Liophis andinus Dixon Erythrolamprus andinus Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto 2012 Distribution: Bolivia. Erythrolamprus atraventer Brazilian Black-bellied Smooth Snake Brasilianische Schwarzbauch-Glattnatter Brasiliansk Sortbuget Glatsnog 1985 Liophis atraventer Dixon & Thomas Erythrolamprus atraventer Forlani, Bernardo, Haddad & Zaher 2010 Distribution: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo). Erythrolamprus bizonus Double-banded Mock Coral Snake Doppelgebänderte Korallennatter Dobbeltbåndet Koralsnog 1863 Erythrolamprus Aesculapii bizona Jan Erythrolamprus bizona Dunn & Bailey 1939 Liophis bizona Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, Moura-Leite & Bonatto 2009 Remarks: Presence in Nicaragua, as reported by Villa, Wilson & Johnson (1988) and Köhler (1999), is regarded herein as questionable, following Sunyer (2014) and Curcio, Scali & Rodrigues (2015), who did not mention bizona from the country. Distribution: Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama, Trinidad & Tobago (Trinidad), Venezuela. Erythrolamprus breviceps Short-headed Smooth Snake, Tricolored Swamp Snake, Short Ground Snake, (Red-bellied Burrowing Snake) Kurzköpfige Glattnatter Korthovedet Glatsnog 1861 Liophis breviceps Cope Erythrolamprus breviceps Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto 2012 1925 Liophis longiventris Amaral (syn. Fernandes, Germano, Fernandes & Franco 2002) Erythrolamprus longiventris Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto 2012 1957 Liophis canaima Roze Liophis breviceps canaima Dixon 1983 Distribution: Bolivia, Brazil (Acre, Amapa, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Para, Rondonia, Roraima), Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Surinam, Venezuela. Erythrolamprus carajasensis Carajás Smooth Snake Carajás-Glattnatter Carajás-glatsnog 1985 Liophis carajasensis Cunha, Nascimento & Avila-Pires Erythrolamprus carajasensis Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto 2012 Distribution: Brazil (Para). Erythrolamprus ceii Tucumán Smooth Snake Tucumán-Glattnatter Tucumán-glatsnog 1991 Liophis ceii Dixon Erythrolamprus ceii Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto 2012 Distribution: Argentina, Bolivia. Erythrolamprus cobellus South American Red-bellied Smooth Snake, Red-bellied Ground Snake, (Banded Tricolored Snake, Mangrove Snake) Südamerikanische Rotbauch-Glattnatter Sydamerikansk Rødbuget Glatsnog 1758 Coluber Cobella Linnaeus Liophis cobella Jan 1866 Rhadinaea cobella Boulenger 1894 Erythrolamprus cobella Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto 2012 1803 Coluber cenchrus Daudin (syn. Dixon 1983) 1803 Coluber serpentinus Daudin (syn. Dixon 1983) 1866 Liophis cobella flaviventris Jan (syn. Dixon 1983) Remarks: Previously included ingeri and trebbaui. Records from Bolivia refer dyticus, now a synonym of taeniogaster (Fernandes, Germano, Fernandes & Franco 2002). Records from Maranhao are erroneous (Costa & Bérnils 2018). Distribution: Brazil (Amapa), French Guiana, Guyana, Surinam, Trinidad & Tobago (Tobago, Trinidad), Venezuela. Erythrolamprus cursor Martinique Smooth Snake, Martinique Ground Snake Martinique-Glattnatter Martinique-glatsnog 1789 Coluber cursor Lacepede Liophis cursor Werner 1924 Dromicus cursor Barbour 1937 Erythrolamprus cursor Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto 2012 1798 Coluber Fugitivus Donndorf (syn. Schwartz & Henderson 1988) 1863 Liophis putnami Cope (syn. Schwartz & Henderson 1988) Remarks: Presumably extinct (Lorvelec, Pascal, Pavis & Feldman 2007; Henderson & Powell 2009; Jowers, Caut, Garcia-Mudarra, Alasaad & Ineich 2013). Distribution: Martinique. Erythrolamprus dorsocorallinus Barinas Smooth Snake Barinas-Glattnatter Barinas-glatsnog 2007 Liophis dorsocorallinus Esqueda, Natera, la Marca & Ilija-Fistar Erythrolamprus dorsocorallinus Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto 2012 Remarks: This species has also been recorded from "Mato Grosso" in the early 20th century, which at that time covered an area corresponding to the present states of Rondonia, Mato Grosso, and Mato Grosso do Sul, however, no exact localities are currently known from any of these these states. Souto, Pinna, Machado & Lopes (2017) did not mention Bolivia in the distribution of the species, apparently overlooking the record published by Eversole, Powell, Lizarro & Bravo (2016). Validity as a separate species supported by Ascenso, Costa & Prudente (2019). Distribution: Bolivia, Brazil (Acre, Amazonas), Colombia, Peru, Venezuela. Erythrolamprus epinephelus Fire-bellied Smooth Snake, Fire-bellied Snake, Golden-bellied Snakelet Feuerbauch-Glattnatter Ildbuget Glatsnog 1862 Liophis epinephelus Cope Leimadophis epinephelus Amaral 1929 Erythrolamprus epinephelus Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto 2012 1868 Opheomorphus alticolus Cope (syn. Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970; Dixon 1983b) 1872 Zamensis ater Günther (syn. Dixon 1983b) 1899 Liophis bimaculatus Cope (syn. Dixon 1983b) Leimadophis bimaculatus Dunn 1944 Liophis epinephelus bimaculatus Dixon 1983 1908 Liophis opisthotaenia Boulenger (syn. Dixon 1983b) Leimadophis bimaculatus opisthotaenia Roze 1966 Liophis bimaculatus opisthotaenia Pérez-Santos & Moreno 1988 Liophis epinephelus opisthotaenia Dixon 1983 1914 Liophis pseudocobella Peracca (syn. Dixon 1983b) Leimadophis pseudocobella Amaral 1929 Liophis epinephelus pseudocobella Dixon 1983 1931 Liophis cobella alticolus Amaral [not Opheomorus alticolus Cope 1868] (syn. Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970; Dixon 1983b) 1937 Leimadophis taeniurus juvenalis Dunn (syn. Dixon 1983b) Leimadophis epinephelus juvenalis Dunn 1944 Liophis epinephelus juvenalis Dixon 1983 1949 Leimadophis epinephelus ecuadorensis Laurent (syn. Dixon 1983b) 1994 Liophis epinephelus kogiorum Bernal-Carlo Remarks: Previously included albiventris, fraseri, and lamonae. Distribution: Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, Venezuela. Erythrolamprus festae Santiago River Smooth Snake, Drab Ground Snake Santiago-Glattnatter Santiago-glatsnog 1897 Rhadinaea festae Peracca Liophis festae Amaral 1929 Erythrolamprus festae Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto 2012 Remarks: Reported from Para, Brazil, by Frota & Yuki (2001), but apparently in error. Not mentioned by Costa & Bérnils (2018), nor by Nogueira & al. (2019). Distribution: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru. Erythrolamprus fraseri Ecuadorian Smooth Snake Ecuadorianische Glattnatter Ecuadoriansk Glatsnog 1894 Liophis fraseri Boulenger Leimadophis fraseri Amaral 1929 Liophis epinephelus fraseri Dixon 1983 Erythrolamprus fraseri Torres-Carvajal & Hinojosa 2020 Remarks: Previously regarded as a subspecies of epinephelus (e.g., Dixon 1983). Revalidated as a separate species by Torres-Carvajal & Hinojosa (2020). Distribution: Ecuador, Peru. Erythrolamprus frenatus Paraguayan Smooth Snake Paraguayische Glattnatter Paraguayisk Glatsnog 1909 Rhadinaea frenata Werner Liophis frenatus Amaral 1929 Erythrolamprus frenatus Zaher, Barbo, Martínez, Nogueira, Rodrigues & Sawaya 2011 1923 Rhadinaea brazili Amaral (syn. Dixon 1989) Liophis brazili Amaral 1926 Distribution: Argentina, Brazil (Goias, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Parana, Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo), Paraguay. Erythrolamprus guentheri Ecuadorian Mock Coral Snake Ecuadorianische Korallennatter Ecuadoriansk Koralsnog 1883 Erythrolamprus guentheri Garman Liophis guentheri Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, Moura-Leite & Bonatto 2009 Distribution: Ecuador, Peru. Erythrolamprus ingeri Chimantá Tepui Smooth Snake Chimantá-Glattnatter Chimantá-glatsnog 1958 Liophis ingeri Roze Erythrolamprus ingeri Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto 2012 Remarks: Regarded as a synonym of cobellus by Dixon (1983), but as a valid species by Rivas, Molina, Ugueto, Barros, Barrio-Amorós & Kok (2012). Distribution: Venezuela. Erythrolamprus jaegeri Southern Green Smooth Snake, (Jaeger's Ground Snake) Südliche Grüne Glattnatter Sydlig Grøn Glatsnog 1858 Coronella jaegeri Günther Liophis jaegeri Amaral 1929 Erythrolamprus jaegeri Forlani, Bernardo, Haddad & Zaher 2010 1863 Liophis dorsalis Peters (syn. Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970) 1894 Aporophis coralliventris Boulenger Lygophis coralliventris Amaral 1929 Liophis coralliventris Dixon 1980 Liophis jaegeri coralliventris Dixon 1987 1900 Rhadinaea lineata Jensen (syn. Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970) Distribution: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Parana, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo), Paraguay, Uruguay. Erythrolamprus janaleeae Moyobamba Smooth Snake Moyobamba-Glattnatter Moyobamba-glatsnog 2000 Liophis janaleeae Dixon Erythrolamprus janaleeae Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto 2012 Distribution: Peru. Erythrolamprus juliae Leeward Smooth Snake, Leeward Ground Snake Südantillische Glattnatter Sydantillisk Glatsnog 1879 Aporophis juliae Cope Dromicus juliae Parker 1936 Liophis juliae Günther 1888 Erythrolamprus juliae Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto 2012 1914 Leimadophis mariae Barbour Dromicus juliae mariae Parker 1936 Dromicus mariae Barbour 1937 Liophis mariae Dixon 1980 Liophis juliae mariae Schwartz & Henderson 1988 1936 Dromicus juliae copeae Parker Liophis juliae copeae Schwartz & Henderson 1988 Remarks: Records from Guyana are probably based on wrong locality data (Dixon 1981; Cole, Townsend, Reynolds, MacCulloch & Lathrop 2013). Extinct in: Guadeloupe (Marie-Galante). Distribution: Dominica, Guadeloupe. Erythrolamprus lamonae Sonsón Smooth Snake Sonsón-Glattnatter Sonsón-glatsnog 1944 Leimadophis bimaculatus lamonae Dunn Liophis bimaculatus lamonae Pérez-Santos & Moreno 1988 Liophis epinephelus lamonae Dixon 1983 Erythrolamprus lamonae Torres-Carvajal & Hinojosa 2020 Remarks: Previously regarded as a subspecies of epinephelus (e.g., Dixon 1983). Raised to species status by Torres-Carvajal & Hinojosa (2020). Distribution: Colombia, Ecuador. Erythrolamprus leucogaster White-bellied Smooth Snake Weissbauch-Glattnatter Hvidbuget Glatsnog 1863 Liophis leucogaster Jan Erythrolamprus leucogaster Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto 2012 Remarks: Status uncertain. Known only from a single specimen of unknown origin. Possibly a synonym of Umbrivaga pygmaeus (Dixon 1980). Distribution: Unknown. Erythrolamprus macrosomus Southern Royal Smooth Snake Südliche Königs-Glattnatter Sydlig Kongeglatsnog 1935 Leimadophis reginae macrosoma Amaral Liophis reginae macrostoma [lapsus] Dixon 1983 Erythrolamprus reginae macrosomus Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto 2012 Erythrolamprus macrosomus Ascenso, Costa & Prudente 2019 1952 Leimadophis reginae maculicauda Hoge (syn. Ascenso, Costa & Prudente 2019) Remarks: Previously regarded as a subspecies of reginae. Raised to species status by Ascenso, Costa & Prudente (2019). A record from Bolivia (Dixon 1989) needs confirmation. Distribution: Argentina, Brazil (Bahia, Distrito Federal, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Parana, Piaui, Sao Paulo), Paraguay. Erythrolamprus maryellenae Goias Smooth Snake Goias-Glattnatter Goias-glatsnog 1985 Liophis maryellenae Dixon Erythrolamprus maryellenae Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto 2012 Distribution: Brazil (Bahia, Distrito Federal, Goias, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Tocantins). Erythrolamprus melanotus South American Black-backed Smooth Snake, Black-backed Snake, Squirrel Snake, (Shaw's Black-backed Snake) Südamerikanische Schwarzrücken-Glattnatter Sydamerikansk Sortrygget Glatsnog 1802 Coluber Melanotus Shaw Leimadophis melanotus Amaral 1929 Dromicus melanotus Barbour 1937 Liophis melanotus Jan 1863 Erythrolamprus melanotus Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto 2012 1820 Coluber raninus Merrem (syn. Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970) 1845 Coluber vittatus Hallowell [not Coluber vittatus Linnaeus 1758] (syn. Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970) 1861 Liophis melananotus Cope [substitute name for Coluber melanotus Shaw 1802] (syn. Schwartz & Henderson 1988) 1925 Aporophis crucifer Ahl (syn. Dixon & Michaud 1992) 1992 Liophis melanotus lamari Dixon & Michaud 1992 Liophis melanotus nesos Dixon & Michaud Distribution: Colombia, Trinidad & Tobago (Tobago, Trinidad), Venezuela (incl. Isla Margarita). Erythrolamprus mertensi Venezuelan Forest Snake Venezuelanische Waldnatter Venezuelansk Skovsnog 1964 Umbrivaga mertensi Roze Erythrolamprus mertensi Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto 2012 Distribution: Venezuela. Erythrolamprus miliaris Military Smooth Snake, Military Ground Snake Soldaten-Glattnatter Soldater-glatsnog 1758 Coluber miliaris Linnaeus Liophis miliaris Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Erythrolamprus miliaris Forlani, Bernardo, Haddad & Zaher 2010 1821 Coluber merremii Wied (syn. Dixon 1983) Liophis miliaris merremii Dixon 1983 1824 Coluber dictyodes Wied (syn. Dixon 1983) 1834 Coluber bicolor Reuss (syn. Dixon 1983) 1854 Ablabes purpurans Duméril, Bibron & Duméril (syn. Dixon 1983) Liophis purpurans Günther 1872 1858 Coronella australis Günther (syn. Dixon 1983) 1864 Coronella orientalis Günther (syn. Dixon 1983) 1866 Liophis cobella collaris Jan (syn. Dixon 1983) 1868 Rhadinaea chrysostoma Cope (syn. Dixon 1983) Liophis chrysostomus Dixon 1980 Liophis miliaris chrysostomus Dixon 1983 1872 Coronella poecilolaemus Günther (syn. Dixon 1983) 1914 Rhadinaea orina Griffin (syn. Dixon 1983) Liophis miliaris orinus Dixon 1983 1922 Dromicus amazonicus Dunn (syn. Dixon 1983) Liophis amazonicus Dixon 1980 Liophis miliaris amazonicus Dixon 1983 1926 Rhadinaea merremii natricoides Werner (syn. Dixon 1983) Remarks: Previously included mossoroensis and semiaureus. Records from Uruguay refer to semiaureus (e.g., Achaval & Olmos 2003). Distribution: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (Alagoas, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Espirito Santo, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para, Paraiba, Parana, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondonia, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo [incl. Sao Sebastiao], Sergipe), Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Surinam, Venezuela. Erythrolamprus mimus Mimic Mock Coral Snake, Central American Mock Coral Snake, Central American Coral Snake Mimic, Mimic Mock Coral Snake Mimik-Korallennatter Mimik-koralsnog 1868 Opheomorphus mimus Cope Erythrolamprus mimus Dunn & Bailey 1939 Liophis mimus Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, Moura-Leite & Bonatto 2009 1936 Erythrolamprus aesculapii impar Schmidt Erythrolamprus mimus impar Dunn & Bailey 1939 1939 Erythrolamprus mimus micrurus Dunn & Bailey Remarks: A record from Rondonia (Bernarde, Albuquerque, Barros & Turci 2012) is regarded as erroneous. The species was not listed for Brazil by neither Costa & Bérnils (2018), nor by Nogueira & al. (2019). Distribution: Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru. Erythrolamprus mossoroensis Mossoro Smooth Snake Mossoro-Glattnatter Mossoro-glatsnog 1972 Liophis mossoroensis Hoge & Lima-Verge Liophis miliaris mossoroensis Dixon 1983 Erythrolamprus mossoroensis Costa & Bernils 2015 Remarks: Sometimes regarded as a synonym or a subspecies of miliaris (e.g., Dixon 1983; Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014). Treated as a separate species herein, following several recent works (e.g., Hamdan & Lira-da-Silva 2012; Ribeiro, Roberto, Sales, Avila & Almeida 2012; Guedes, Nogueira & Marques 2014; Costa & Bernils 2015). Distribution: Brazil (Alagoas, Bahia, Ceara, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio Grande do Norte). Erythrolamprus ocellatus Tobago Mock Coral Snake Tobago-Korallennatter Tobago-koralsnog 1868 Erythrolamprus ocellatus Peters Erythrolamprus aesculapii ocellatus Emsley 1966 Remarks: Taxonomic status uncertain. It is regarded as a valid species herein, following several authors (e.g., Murphy 1997; Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014; Curcio, Scali & Rodrigues 2015). Distribution: Trinidad & Tobago (Tobago). Erythrolamprus oligolepis Para Smooth Snake Para-Glattnatter Para-glatsnog 1905 Liophis oligolepis Boulenger Leimadophis oligolepis Gomez 1918 Erythrolamprus oligolepis Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto 2012 Remarks: Previously regarded as a synonym of L. reginae semilineatus (e.g., Dixon 1989) (now a synonym of reginae). Revalidated as a separate species by Cunha & Nascimento (1993) and Frota, Santos, Chaldikis & Guedes (2005). Validity as a separate species supported by Ascenso, Costa & Prudente (2019). Distribution: Brazil (Acre, Amapa, Amazonas, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Para, Rondonia), Peru, Venezuela. Erythrolamprus ornatus Saint Lucia Smooth Snake, Saint Lucia Ground Snake Saint-Lucia-Glattnatter Saint Lucia-glatsnog 1887 Dromicus ornatus Garman Liophis ornatus Dixon 1980 Erythrolamprus ornatus Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto 2012 1914 Leimadophis boulengeri Barbour (syn. Schwartz & Henderson 1988) Extinct in: Saint Lucia (½mainland). Distribution: Saint Lucia (Maria Islands). Erythrolamprus perfuscus Barbados Smooth Snake, Barbados Ground Snake Barbados-Glattnatter Barbados-glatsnog 1863 Liophis perfuscus Cope Dromicus perfuscus Barbour 1937 Erythrolamprus perfuscus Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto 2012 1863 Liophis rufus Jan (syn. Schwartz & Henderson 1988) Remarks: Presumably extinct (Henderson & Breuil in Powell & Henderson (eds.) 2012). Distribution: Barbados. Erythrolamprus poecilogyrus Yellow-bellied Smooth Snake, Yellow-bellied Liophis, (Wied's Ground Snake) Bunte Glattnatter, Buntnatter Gulbuget Glatsnog 1820 Coluber m-nigrum Raddi (suppressed, see Dixon & Markezich 1992) 1823 Coluber alternans Lichtenstein (suppressed, see Dixon & Markezich 1992) 1824 Natrix forsteri Wagler (suppressed, see Dixon & Markezich 1992) Leimadophis typhlus forsteri Hoge 1964 Liophis typhlus forsteri Pérez-Santos & Moreno 1988 1824 Coluber poecilogyrus Wied Leimadophis poecilogyrus Amaral 1927 Dromicus poecilogyrus Lema 1977 Liophis poecilogyrus Dixon 1980 Erythrolamprus poecilogyrus Forlani, Bernardo, Haddad & Zaher 2010 1825 Coluber doliatus Wied [not Coluber doliatus Linnaeus 1966] (syn. Dixon & Markezich 1992) 1837 Xenodon schotti Schlegel (syn. Dixon & Markezich 1992) Dryophylax schotti Duméril & Bibron 1854 Pseudophis schotti Cope 1862 Philodryas schotti Boulenger 1886 Leimadophis poecilogyrus schotti Hoge 1964 Liophis poecilogyrus schotti Dixon & Markezich 1992 Erythrolamprus poecilogyrus schotti Costa & Bernils 2014 1860 Liophis merremii sublineatus Cope (syn. Dixon & Markezich 1992) Liophis poecilogyrus sublineatus Dixon & Markezich 1992 Erythrolamprus poecilogyrus sublineatus Costa & Bernils 2014 1862 Liophis subfasciatus Cope (syn. Dixon & Markezich 1992) Leimadophis poecilogyrus subfasciatus Amaral 1944 1862 Opheomorphus doliatus caesius Cope (syn. Dixon & Markezich 1992) Liophis poecilogyrus caesius Dixon & Markezich 1992 Erythrolamprus poecilogyrus caesius Costa & Bernils 2014 1863 Liophis ornatissima Jan (syn. Dixon & Markezich 1992) 1863 Liophis typhlus gastrosticta Jan (syn. Dixon & Markezich 1992) 1863 Liophis typhlus olivacea Jan (syn. Dixon & Markezich 1992) 1863 Liophis verecundus Jan (syn. Dixon & Markezich 1992) 1866 Liophis cobella flaviventris Jan & Sordelli (syn. Dixon & Markezich 1992) 1866 Liophis reginae viridicyanea Jan & Sordelli (syn. Dixon & Markezich 1992) 1899 Rhadinaea dichroa Werner (syn. Dixon 1987) 1909 Rhadinaea preornata Werner (syn. Dixon & Markezich 1992) 1931 Leimadophis poecilogyrus reticulatus Parker (syn. Dixon & Markezich 1992) 1944 Leimadophis poecilogyrus albadspersus Amaral (syn. Dixon & Markezich 1992) 1944 Leimadophis poecilogyrus amazonicus Amaral [not Dromicus amazonicus Dunn 1922] 1944 Leimadophis poecilogyrus franciscanus Amaral (syn. Dixon & Markezich 1992) 1944 Leimadophis poecilogyrus intermedius Amaral (syn. Dixon & Markezich 1992) 1944 Leimadophis poecilogyrus montanus Amaral (syn. Dixon & Markezich 1992) 1944 Leimadophis poecilogyrus pictostriatus Amaral (syn. Dixon & Markezich 1992) 1944 Leimadophis poecilogyrus pinetincola Amaral (syn. Dixon & Markezich 1992) 1944 Leimadophis poecilogyrus platensis Amaral (syn. Dixon & Markezich 1992) 1944 Leimadophis poecilogyrus xerophilus Amaral (syn. Dixon & Markezich 1992) 1978 Dromicus poecilogyrus lancini Hoge, Romano & Cordeiro [substitute name for Leimadophis poecilogyrus amazonicus Amaral 1944] Remarks: Previously included the populations now assigned to aenigma. Records from Roraima (Brazil), Guyana, and Venezuela refer to aenigma (Entiauspe-Neto, Abegg, Koch, Nuñez, Azevedo, Moraes, Tiutenko, Bialves & Loebmann 2021). Although reported from Colombia by Pérez-Santos & Moreno (1988, as Liophis typhlus forsteri), presence in the country needs confirmation, according to the strongly critical review of this work by Cadle (1992), in which he points out the considerable amount of unverifiable information presented by these authors. Although poecilogyrus is antedated by three older names (m-nigrum, alternans, forsteri), Dixon & Markezich (1992) recommended preserving poecilogyrus for this species because of its frequent use in the literature. Correct publication year of the original description is 1824, not 1825 (Vanzolini & Myers 2015; Costa & Bérnils 2015). Distribution: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (Alagoas, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Distrito Federal, Espirito Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para [incl. Marajo Island], Paraiba, Parana, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondonia, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Sergipe, Tocantins), Paraguay, Peru, Surinam, Uruguay. Erythrolamprus pseudocorallus Venezuelan Mock Coral Snake, Maracaibo Mock Coral Snake Venezuelanische Korallennatter Venezuelansk Koralsnog 1959 Erythrolamprus pseudocorallus Roze Liophis pseudocorallus Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, Moura-Leite & Bonatto 2009 Distribution: Colombia, Venezuela. Erythrolamprus pseudoreginae Tobago Mock Coral Snake, Tobago Stream Snake Tobago-Korallennatter Tobago-koralsnog 2019 Erythrolamprus pseudoreginae Murphy, Braswell, Charles, Auguste, Rivas, Borzee, Lehtinen & Jowers Remarks: Previously regarded as a population of reginae. Distribution: Trinidad & Tobago (Tobago). Erythrolamprus pyburni Colombian Forest Snake, (Pyburn's Tropical Forest Snake) Kolumbianische Waldnatter Colombiansk Skovsnog 1979 Umbrivaga pyburni Markezich & Dixon Erythrolamprus pyburni Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto 2012 Distribution: Colombia. Erythrolamprus pygmaeus Amazon Dwarf Forest Snake, Amazon Tropical Forest Snake Amazonas-Zwergwaldnatter Amazonas-dværgskovsnog 1868 Liophis pygmaeus Cope Leimadophis pygmaeus Amaral 1929 Umbrivaga pygmaeus Markezich & Dixon 1979 Erythrolamprus pygmaeus Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto 2012 Distribution: Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Para, Rondonia), Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Venezuela. Erythrolamprus reginae Northern Royal Smooth Snake, Common Swamp Snake, Royal Ground Snake, Reticulate Snake) Nördliche Königs-Glattnatter Nordlig Kongeglatsnog 1758 Coluber Reginae Linnaeus Liophis reginae Jan 1863 Leimadophis reginae Amaral 1935 Erythrolamprus reginae Zaher, Barbo, Martínez, Nogueira, Rodrigues & Sawaya 2011 1789 Coluber violaceus Lacepede (status uncertain; Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970) 1802 Coluber graphicus Shaw (syn. Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970) 1824 Natrix semilineata Wagler (syn. Ascenso, Costa & Prudente 2019) Liophis reginae semilineatus Dixon 1983 Erythrolamprus reginae semilineata Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto 2012 1863 Liophis reginae ornata Jan (syn. Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970) 1863 Liophis reginae quadrilineata Jan (syn. Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970) 1991 Liophis miliaris intermedius Henle & Ehrl [not Leimadophis poecilogyrus intermedius Amaral 1944] (syn. Dixon & Tipton 2003; Böhme 2010) Remarks: Previously included oligolepis, macrosomus, zweifeli, and the population now assigned to pseudoreginae. Records from Argentina (Arzamendia 2016) and Paraguay (e.g., Schouten 1937; Motte, Núñez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009; Cacciali 2008; Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016) refer to macrosomus. Records from Trinidad refer to zweifeli. Records from Tobago refer to pseudoreginae. Distribution: Bolivia, Brazil (Acre, Alagoas, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Distrito Federal, Espirito Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Para [incl. Marajo Island], Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro, Rondonia, Roraima, Sao Paulo, Tocantins), Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Surinam, Venezuela. Erythrolamprus reginae © Henrik Bringsøe Erythrolamprus rochai Amapa Mock Coral Snake Amapa-Korallennatter Amapa-koralsnog 2019 Erythrolamprus rochai Ascenso, Costa & Prudente Distribution: Brazil (Amapa). Erythrolamprus sagittifer Spotted Smooth Snake, Arrow Ground Snake Gefleckte Glattnatter Plettet Glatsnog 1863 Liopeltis sagittifer Jan Rhadinaea sagittifera Boulenger 1894 Leimadophis sagittifer Amaral 1926 Liophis sagittifer Dixon & Thomas 1982 Erythrolamprus sagittifer Scrocchi, Abdala, Nori & Zaher 2010 1867 Liophis pulcher Steindachner (syn. Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970) 1896 Rhadinaea modesta Koslowsky Liophis sagittifer modesta Dixon & Thomas 1982 1899 Liophis trifasciatus Werner (syn. Dixon & Thomas 1982) 1917 Zamenis argentinus Bréthes (syn. Abalos & Mischis 1975) Distribution: Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay. Erythrolamprus semiaureus Golden Smooth Snake Goldene Glattnatter Gylden Glatsnog 1862 Opheomorphus merremii var. semiaureus Cope Liophis miliaris semiaureus Dixon 1983 Liophis semiaureus Giraudo, Arzamendia & Cacciali 2006 Erythrolamprus semiaureus Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto 2012 1863 Liophis reginae ornata Jan (syn. Dixon 1983) 1885 Opheomorphus fuscus Cope (syn. Dixon 1983) Rhadinaea fusca Schouten 1937 Distribution: Argentina, Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), Paraguay, Uruguay. Erythrolamprus subocularis Paramba Smooth Snake Paramba-Glattnatter Paramba-glatsnog 1902 Rhadinaea subocularis Boulenger Liophis subocularis Amaral 1929 Erythrolamprus subocularis Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto 2012 Remarks: Previously regarded as a synonym of Rhadinaea decorata (e.g., Dixon 1989). Not mentioned by Myers (1974) or Wallach, Williams & Boundy (2014). Listed as a valid species by Peters & Orejas-Miranda (1970) and Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto (2012). Distribution: Ecuador. Erythrolamprus taeniogaster Banded Smooth Snake Südamerikanische Gebänderte Glattnatter Sydamerikansk Båndet Glatsnog 1863 Liophis taeniogaster Jan Liophis cobella taeniogaster Schmidt & Inger 1951 Erythrolamprus taeniogaster Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto 2012 1983 Liophis cobella dyticus Dixon (syn. Fernandes, Germano, Fernandes & Franco 2002) Remarks: Previously regarded as a subspecies (e.g., Schmidt & Inger 1951) or a synonym of cobellus (e.g., Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970). Revalidated by Fernandes, Germano, Fernandes & Franco (2002). Distribution: Bolivia, Brazil (Acre, Alagoas, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Para [incl. Marajo Island], Paraiba, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rondonia, Sergipe, Tocantins), Colombia, Ecuador, Peru. Erythrolamprus taeniurus Thin Smooth Snake, Thin Ground Snake Venus-Glattnatter Venus-glatsnog 1845 Liophis taeniurus Tschudi Leimadophis taeniurus Dunn 1944 Erythrolamprus taeniurus Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto 2012 Distribution: Bolivia, Colombia, Peru. Erythrolamprus torrenicola Guaiquinima Tepui Smooth Snake Guaiquinima-Glattnatter Guaiquinima-glatsnog 1991 Liophis torrenicola Donnelly & Myers Erythrolamprus torrenicola Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto 2012 Distribution: Venezuela. Erythrolamprus trebbaui Bolivar Smooth Snake Bolivar-Glattnatter Bolivar-glatsnog 1958 Liophis trebbaui Roze Liophis cobella trebbaui Dixon 1983 Erythrolamprus trebbaui Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto 2012 Remarks: Regarded as a subspecies of cobellus by Dixon (1983), but as a valid species by Rivas, Molina, Ugueto, Barros, Barrio-Amorós & Kok (2012). Distribution: Brazil (Roraima), Venezuela. Erythrolamprus triscalis Curacao Smooth Snake, Curacao Island Snake, Three-scaled Ground Snake Curacao-Glattnatter Curacao-glatsnog 1758 Coluber Triscalis Linnaeus Liophis triscalis Boulenger 1894 Leimadophis triscalis Amaral 1929 Erythrolamprus triscalis Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto 2012 1758 Coluber corallinus Linnaeus (syn. Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970) Distribution: Curacao. Erythrolamprus typhlus Velvety Smooth Snake, Velvety Swamp Snake, Pink Ground Snake, Blind Ground Snake Grüne Glattnatter, Grüne Goldbauchnatter Fløjlsglatsnog 1758 Coluber Typhlus Linnaeus Xenodon typhlus Duméril, Bibron & Duméril 1854 Opheomorphus typhlus Cope 1885 Liophis typhlus Boulenger 1896 Leimadophis typhlus Amaral 1926 Erythrolamprus typhlus Forlani, Bernardo, Haddad & Zaher 2010 1870 Xenodon isolepis Cope (syn. Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970) 1887 Opheomorphus brachyurus Cope Liophis typhlus brachyurus Dixon 1987 1916 Liophis elaeoides Griffin Liophis typhlus elaeoides Dixon 1987 1925 Liophis macrops Werner (syn. Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970) Distribution: Bolivia, Brazil (Acre, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Espirito Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para [incl. Marajo Island], Parana, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondonia, Roraima, Sao Paulo), Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Surinam, Venezuela. Erythrolamprus viridis Brazilian Green Smooth Snake Brasilianische Grüne Glattnatter Brasiliansk Grøn Glatsnog 1862 Liophis viridis Günther Leimadophis viridis Amaral 1926 Erythrolamprus viridis Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto 2012 1866 Liophis typhlus prasina Jan & Sordelli (syn. Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014) Liophis viridis prasinus Dixon 1987 Distribution: Brazil (Alagoas, Bahia, Ceara, Maranhao, Minas Gerais, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Piaui, Sergipe, Tocantins). Erythrolamprus vitti Maldonado Smooth Snake Maldonado-Glattnatter Maldonado-glatsnog 2000 Liophis vitti Dixon Erythrolamprus vitti Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto 2012 Distribution: Ecuador. Erythrolamprus williamsi Venezuelan Smooth Snake Venezuelanische Glattnatter Venezuelansk Glatsnog 1958 Urotheca williamsi Roze Rhadinaea williamsi Dixon 1980 Liophis williamsi Dixon 1980 Erythrolamprus williamsi Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto 2012 Distribution: Venezuela. Erythrolamprus zweifeli Yellow-speckled Smooth Snake Gesprenkelte Glattnatter Gulspættet Glatsnog 1959 Leimadophis zweifeli Roze Liophis reginae zweifeli Dixon 1983 Erythrolamprus reginae zweifeli Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto 2012 Liophis zweifeli Rivas, Molina, Ugueto, Barros, Barrio-Amorós & Kok 2012 Erythrolamprus zweifeli Ascenso, Costa & Prudente 2019 Remarks: Previously regarded as a subspecies of reginae (e.g., Dixon 1983). Validity as a separate species supported by Ascenso, Costa & Prudente (2019). Distribution: Trinidad & Tobago (Trinidad), Venezuela.