Home - Taxonomy - Geography - Biodiversity - Literature - Purchase RepFocus Recent updates Related bibliographies: Reptiles Snakes Colubridae North America Taxonomy of the genus Pituophis Biodiversity of the family Colubridae Bibliography of the genus Pituophis (Bullsnakes, Pine Snakes and Gopher Snakes) (Reptilia: Serpentes: Colubridae) Note: In order to limit redundancy, relevant literature indexed in the related bibliographies in the left column may not have been included in this page. For a comprehensive search of literature, these bibliographies should therefore also be consulted. Pituophis in general Alspaw, D. 2002. Breeding Pituophis. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 37(10): 177-179. Barbour, T. 1940. Pine snakes, black and brown. Copeia 1940(3): 205. Bergada, J. 1998. Zur Nachzucht von Bullennattern der Gattung Pituophis. Reptilia (D) 3(10): 43-47. Blanchard, F.N. 1924. A name for the black Pituophis from Alabama. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 4: 531-532. Brattstrom, B.H. 1952. Diurnal activities of a nocturnal animal. Herpetologica 8(3): 61-63. Bryson, R.W.; García-Vázquez, U.O.; Riddle, B.R. 2011. Phylogeography of Middle American gophersnakes: mixed responses to biogeographical barriers across the Mexican transition Zone. Journal of Biogeography 38(8): 1570-1584. Burt, C.E. 1935. Contributions to the herpetology of Texas. III. Bullsnakes of the genera Arizona and Pituophis. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 25: 380-383. Carl, G.C. 1963. A coastal record of the gopher snake (Pituophis). Canadian Field Naturalist 77: 178. Chen, X.; Lemmon, A.R.; Lemmon, E.M.; Pyron, R.A.; Burbrink, F.T. 2017. Using phylogenomics to understand the link between biogeographic origins and regional diversification in ratsnakes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 111: 206-218. Chiszar, D.; Lipetz, V.; Scudder, K.; Pasanello, E. 1980. Rate of tongue flicking by Bull Snakes and Pine Snakes (Pituophis meanoleucus) during exposure to food and non-food odors. Herpetologica 36(3): 225-231. Collins, J.T. 2010. An accurate accounting of an inaccurate statement about snake taxonomy. Journal of Kansas Herpetology 36: 14-15. Collins, J.T.; Taggart, T.W. 2008. An alternative classification of the New World rat snakes (genus Pantherophis (Reptilia: Squamata: Colubridae)). Journal of Kansas Herpetology 26: 16-18. DeGregorio, B.A.; Chiavacci, S.J.; Weatherhead, P.J.; Willson, J.D.; Benson, T.J.; Sperry, J.H. 2014. Snake predation on North American bird nests: culprits, patterns and future directions. Journal of Avian Biology 45(4): 325-333. Denburgh, J. van 1920. A further study of variation in the gopher snakes of western North America. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 10: 1-27. Denburgh, J. van; Slevin, J.R. 1919. The gophersnakes of western North America. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 9: 197-220. Dowling, H.G. 1959. Rattles and hisses and rasping scales. Animal Kingdom 62: 140-142. Fisher, E.M. 1935. Colour variation in the coast gopher snake. Copeia 1935: 151-152. Fitch, H.S. 1935. An abnormal pattern in a gopher snake. Copeia 1935: 144-146. Fuller, T.C. 1959. Five new records of Pituophis in Kentucky. Herpetologica 15: 94. Greenwald, O.E. 1974. Thermal dependence of striking and prey capture by gopher snakes. Copeia 1974(1): 141-148. Grismer, L.L. 2001. Comments on the taxonomy of Gopher Snakes from Baja California, Mexico: a reply to Rodriguez-Robles and de Jesus-Escobar. Herpetological Review 32(2): 81-83. Himmelstein, J. 1973. Hybridization between a female Florida pine snake and a male San Diego gopher snake. Herp 10(1-2): 19-24. Hirschkorn, D.; Skubowius, B. 2011. Bullennattern, Gophernattner & Kiefernnattern - Die Gattung Pituophis. Natur und Tier-Verlag, Münster. 176 pp. Hisaw, F.L.; Gloyd, H.K. 1926. The bull snake as a natural enemy of injurious rodents. Journal of Mammalogy 7: 200-205. Howard, W.E. 1949. Gopher snake killed trying to swallow cottontail. Copeia 1949: 289. Hubbs, C.L. 1932. The use of the generic name Ophis for an eel, a snake and a mollusc. Copeia 1932: 26-27. Kardong, K.V. 1980. Gopher snakes and rattlesnakes: presumptive Batesian mimicry. Northwest Science 54(1): 1-4. Kingery, H.E.; Kingery, U.C. 1995. Gopher Snake as predator at long-billed curlew and rough-winged swallow nests. C.f.o. Journal 29(1): 18-19. Klauber, L.M. 1941. Variations and relationships in the snakes of the genus Pituophis. Copeia 1941(1): 57-60. Klauber, L.M. 1946. The gopher snakes of Baja California, with descriptions of new subspecies of Pituophis catenifer. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 11(1): 1-40. Klauber, L.M. 1947. Classification and ranges of the gopher snakes of the genus Pituophis in the western United States. Bulletin of the Zoological Society of San Diego 22: 7-81. Lewejohann, L.; Wistuba, J. 1997. Guck mal, wer da rasselt - "Gerauschmimikry" bei Schlangen. Reptilia (D) 2(4)(6): 28-29. Mara, W.P. 1994. Pine Snakes: A Complete Guide. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune, New Jersey. 63 pp. Rea, P.M. 1910. Color phases of the pine snake. Charleston S.C. Bull. Mus. 6: 47. Rodriguez-Robles, J.A.; Jesus Escobar, J.M. de 2000. Molecular systematics of New World gopher, bull, and pinesnakes (Pituophis: Colubridae), a transcontinental species complex. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 14(1): 35-50. Skubowius, B. 2014. Bullige Schönheiten. Farb- und Zeichnungsformen bei Pituophis. Draco 15(57): 40-47. Stall, O.G. 1940. Variations and relationships in the snakes of the genus Pituophis. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 175: 1-225. Stull, O.G. 1932. An annotated list of the forms of the genus Pituophis. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology University of Michigan 250: 1-5. Stull, O.G. 2005. Variations & Relationships in the Snakes of the Genus Pituophis. (Reprint, first published in 1940). Center for North American Herpetology, Lawrence, Kansas. 224 pp. Pituophis catenifer Allen, R. 1996. Profile of the bull snake. Rephiberary 222: 11-12. Amstrup, S.C.; McEneaney. 1980. Bull Snake kills & attempts to eat long-eared owl nestlings. Wilson Bulletin 92(3): 402. Anton, T.G.; Mauger, D.; Kleiman, B. 2013. Geographic distribution: Pituophis catenifer sayi (Bullsnake). Herpetological Review 44(4): 629-630. Ashton, C.B. 1984. Silver gull attempting to swallow a snake. South Australian Ornithologist 29(4): 99. Ashton, K.G. 1998. Natural history notes: Pituophis melanoleucus deserticola (Great Basin Gopher Snake). Regional heterothermy. Herpetological Review 29(3): 170-171. Babb, R.D.; Busboom, E.C. 2013. Natural history notes: Pituophis catenifer affinis (Sonoran Gophersnake). Predation. Herpetological Review 44(4): 696. Bartley, G.R. 1996. Successful breeding of: Pituophis melanoleucus affinis. Herptile 21(2): 61-66. Bauer, B.; Kapfer, J.M.; Staffen, R.A.; Casper, G.S. 2010. Geographic distribution: Pituophis catenifer sayi (Bullsnake). Herpetological Review 41(4): 517-518. Beaman, K.R.; Harris, J.M. 2002. Natural history notes: Masticophis flagellum (Coachwhip). Ophiophagy. Herpetological Review 33(3): 214-215. Beasom, S.L.; Pattee, O.H. 1975. An encounter between a turkey and a bullsnake. Wilson Bulletin 87(2): 281-282. Best, L.B. 1977. Bull snake preys on rough-winged swallow nest. Condor 79(4): 509. Bogert, C.M.; Roth, V.D. 1966. Ritualistic combat of male gopher snakes, Pituophis melanoleucus affinis (Reptilia, Colubridae). American Museum Novitates 2245: 1-27. Boundy, J.; O'Brien, J.P. 1988. A longevity record for a colubrid snake. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 23(7): 107. Brumwell, M.J. 1951. An ecological survey of the Fort Leavenworth Military Reservation. American Midland Naturalist 45(1): 187-231. Bry, E. 1977. Bank swallows and bull snakes. North Dakota Outdoors 40(2): 24-25. Bryson, R.W.; Ingrasci, M. 2006. Natural history notes: Pituophis catenifer (Gopher Snake). Diet. Herpetological Review 37(1): 95. Bullock, R.E. 1981. Tree climbing Bull Snakes. Blue Jay 39(3): 139-140. Cardwell, M. 2009. Trap hazard posed by "Pop-top" beverage cans to desert snakes. Sonoran Herpetologist 22(5): 52-55. Carpenter, C.C. 1958. Reproduction, young, eggs and food of Oklahoma snakes. Herpetologica 14: 113-115. Carpenter, C.C. 1982. The Bullsnake as an excavator. Journal of Herpetology 16(4): 394-401. Carrillo, C.D. 2004. Predator management for the protection of the endangered California least tern (Sterna antillarum brownii) and documentation of Bullsnake (Pituophis catenifer) predation in San Diego County, California. Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference 21: 13-16. Carter, R. 1982. An observation on feeding a captive Bullsnake. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 17(4): 101. Cavitt, J.F. 2000. Natural history notes: Tallgrass prairie snake assemblage. Food habits. Herpetological Review 31(1): 47-48. Chapman, G. 1999. Prolonged sperm retention in the Bullsnake Pituophis sayi. Herptile 24(1): 11-13. Chiszar, D.; Radcliffe, C.W.; Scudder, K. 1980. Use of the vomeronasal system during predatory episodes by Bull Snakes (Pituophis melanoleucus). Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 15(1): 35-36. Chiszar, D.; Smith, H.M. 1993. Geographic distribution: Pituophis catenifer sayi (Bullsnake). Herpetological Review 24(4): 156. Chrapliwy, P.S.; Fugler, C.M. 1955. Amphibians and reptiles collected in Mexico in the summer of 1953. Herpetologica 11: 121-128. Clark, H.O.; Newman, D.P. 2010. Results of a herpetological survey in northwestern Kern County, California. Sonoran Herpetologist 23(10): 144-147. Clark, H.O.; Setser, K.W.; Burton, R.K. 2013. Natural history notes: Pituophis catenifer (Gophersnake). Diet. Herpetological Review 44(4): 696-697. Collins, S.L. 2004. Pituophis catenifer (Gopher Snake). Journal of Kansas Herpetology 11: 14. Conant, R. 1956. A review of two rare pine snakes from the Gulf coastal plains. American Museum Novitates 1781: 1-31. Conant, R. 1965. Miscellaneous notes and comments on toads, lizards, and snakes from Mexico. American Museum Novitates 2205: 1-38. Conners, J.S. 1986. A captive breeding of the great basin gopher snake, Pituophis melanoleucus deserticola. Herpetological Review 17(1): 12-13. Coss, R.G.; Biardi, J.E. 1997. Individual variation in the antisnake behavior of California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi). Journal of Mammalogy 78(2): 294-310. Czaplewski, N.J.; Smith, K.S.; Johnson, J.; Dockery, C.; Mason, B.; Browne, I.D. 2012. Gopher snake searching cliff swallow nests in East Central Utah. Western North American Naturalist 72(1): 96-99. Davis, W.B.; Dixon, J.R. 1957. Notes on Mexican snakes (Ophidia). Southwestern Naturalist 2(1): 19-27. Delutes, J.J.; Engeman, R.M. 2018. Natural history notes: Pituophis catenifer sayi (Bullsnake). Agonistic mobbing attack. Herpetological Review 49(1): 139. Denburgh, J. van 1898. Herpetological notes. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 37: 139-141. Devitt, T.; Crother, B.I.; Meier, A.; Burbrink, F.T.; Boundy, J. 2007. Natural history notes: Pituophis catenifer (Bullsnake). Maximum length. Herpetological Review 38(2): 209-210. Diller, L.V. 1982. Comparative ecology of Great Basin rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis lutosus) and Great Basin gopher snakes (Pituophis melanoleucus deserticola) and their impact on small mammal populations in the Snake River Birds of Prey Natural Area. Dissertation Abstracts International B Sciences and Engineering 43(2): 356. Dixon, J.R. 1952. A large bullsnake, Pituophis catenifer sayi, from Texas. Copeia 1952: 193. Dowling, H.G. 1956. Geographic relations of Ozarkian amphibians and reptiles. Southwestern Naturalist 1(4): 174-189. Downey, B.A.; Taylor, B.N. 2003. Reptile surveys of the Milk River Basin. Alberta Species at Risk Report 72: 104-113. Duncan, R.B. 2003. Natural history notes: Masticophis flagellum (Coachwhip). Prey. Herpetological Review 34(4): 376. Eerden, H. van der 1989. Successful breeding of the Bullsnake (Pituophis melanoleucus sayi). Litteratura Serpentium (English Edition) 9(3): 129-132. Eichholz, M.W.; Koenig, W.D. 1992. Gopher Snake attraction to birds' nests. Southwestern Naturalist 37(3): 293-298. Engeman, R.M.; Delutes, J.J. 1994. Natural history notes: Pituophis melanoleucus deserticola (Great Basin Gopher Snake). Behavior. Herpetological Review 25(3): 125. Erickson, M.M. 1955. Unusual item of food for the gophersnake Pituophis catenifer. Copeia 1955(2): 137-138. Ferguson, D.E.; Payne, K.E.; Storm, R.M. 1957. The geographic distribution of the subspecies of Pituophis catenifer Blainville in Oregon. Copeia 1956(4) [1957]: 255-257. Fescenko, I.; Fescenko, A.; Stuart, J.N. 2018. Geographic distribution: Pituophis catenifer (Gopher Snake). Herpetological Review 49(2): 287-288. Fisher, E.M. 1925. Notes on the breeding of the California gopher snake in captivity. Copeia 1925(137): 108-109. Forsman, E.D.; Swingle, J.K. 2018. Natural history notes: Pituophis catenifer catenifer (Pacific Gophersnake). Arboreal habitat use and diet. Herpetological Review 49(2): 350. Fouquette, M.J.; Rossman, D.A. 1963. Noteworthy records of Mexican amphibians and reptiles in the Florida State Museum and the Texas Natural History Collection. Herpetologica 19: 185-201. Gardiner, L.E. 2011. Mating Bullsnakes. Blue Jay 69(2): 100. Gardiner, L.E.; Somers, C.M.; Martino, J.A.; Parker, D.L.; Poulin, R.G. 2013. Balancing the dumbbell: summer habitats need protection in addition to winter dens for northern snake communities. Journal of Wildlife Management 77(5): 975-982. Gardiner, L.E.; Sonmor, K.W. 2011. Major slump event at grasslands National Park snake pit in southwestern Saskatchewan. Blue Jay 69(3): 120-124. Gates, G.O. 1955. A record length for the Arizona bullsnake Pituophis melanoleucus affinis from Arizona. Herpetologica 11: 235. Giovanni, M.D.; Powell, L.A.; Schacht, W.H. 2015. Habitat preference and survival for Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta) fledglings in a contiguous prairie system. Wilson Journal of Ornithology 127(2): 200-211. Glup, S.S.; McDaniel, L.L. 1988. Bullsnake predation on waterfowl nests on Valentine National Wildlife Refuge, Nebraska. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM 154: 149-152. Greenwald, O.E. 1978. Kinematics and time relations of prey capture by gopher snakes. Copeia 1978(2): 263-268. Grismer, L.L. 2001. An evolutionary classification and checklist of amphibians and reptiles on the Pacific islands of Baja California, Mexico. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 100(1): 12-23. Grismer, L.L.; Mahrdt, C.R. 1996. Geographic distribution: Pituophis melanoleucus annectens (San Diego Gopher Snake). Herpetological Review 27(1): 35. Gutzke, W.H.N.; Paukstis, G.L.; McDaniel, L.L. 1985. Skewed sex ratios for adult and hatchling Bullsnakes, Pituophis melanoleucus, in Nebraska. Copeia 1985(3): 649-652. Hall, L.K.; Cavitt, J.F. 2011. Natural history notes: Coluber constrictor mormon (Western Yellow-bellied Racer) and Pituophis catenifer deserticola (Great Basin Gopher Snake). Diet. Herpetological Review 42(2): 285-286. Hall, L.K.; Mull, J.F.; Cavitt, J.F. 2009. Relationship between cheatgrass coverage and the relative abundance of snakes on Antelope Island, Utah. Western North American Naturalist 69(1): 88-95. Halpin, Z.T. 1983. Naturally occurring encounters between black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) and snakes. American Midland Naturalist 109(1): 50-54. Hanley, G.H. 1943. Terrarium notes on Californian reptiles. Copeia 1943: 145-147. Hansen, R.M. 1950. Sexual behaviour in two male gopher snakes. Herpetologica 6: 120. Hathcock, C.D.; Hill, M.T. 2013. Natural history notes: Pituophis catenifer (Gophersnake). Diet. Herpetological Review 44(3): 526. Haywood, C.A.; Harris, R.W. 1971. Fight between rock squirrel and bullsnake. Texas Journal of Science 22(4): 427. Hensley, M.M. 1950. Results of a herpetological reconnaissance in extreme southwestern Arizona and adjacent Sonora, with a description of a new subspecies of the Sonoran whipsnake, Masticophis bilineatus. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Sciences 53: 270-288. Hirschkorn, D. 1986. Breeding results. Pituophis melanoleucus affinis. Litteratura Serpentium (English Edition) 6(4): 158. Hirschkorn, D. 1986. Breeding results. Pituophis melanoleucus annectans. Litteratura Serpentium (English Edition) 6(4): 158-159. Hirschkorn, D. 1986. Breeding results. Pituophis melanoleucus catenifer. Litteratura Serpentium (English Edition) 6(4): 157-158. Hirschkorn, D. 1986. Erfahrungen bei der Pflege und Zucht der selten gehaltenen Bullennatter Pituophis melanoleucus catenifer. Herpetofauna (Weinstadt) 8(43): 13-16. Hirschkorn, D. 1987. Pituophis melanoleucus catenifer - Pacific gopher snake. Litteratura Serpentium (English Edition) 7(1): 47. Horner, M.; Hamilton, B. 2011. Natural history notes: Pituophis catenifer (Gophersnake). Diet. Herpetological Review 42(4): 618. Horstman, G. 1995. Geographic distribution: Pituophis catenifer deserticola (Great Basin Gopher Snake). Herpetological Review 26(1): 47. Howitz, J.L. 1986. Bull Snake predation on black-capped chickadee nest. Loon 58(3): 132. Hubbs, B. 2011. Geographic distribution: Pituophis catenifer sayi (Bullsnake). Herpetological Review 42(1): 115. Hunt, C. 1987. The Bullsnake: an unknown quantity. Snake Keeper 1(11): 17-18. Iverson, J.B. 2014. Natural history notes: Pituophis catenifer sayi (Bullsnake). Arboreality. Herpetological Review 45(2): 342. Iverson, J.B.; Akre, T.S. 2001. Natural history notes: Pituophis melanoleucus sayi (Bullsnake). Diet. Herpetological Review 32(2): 109-110. Iverson, J.B.; Muhrer, S.M.; Nardi, M.M.; Wolfson, D.W. 2007. Natural history notes: Pituophis catenifer sayi (Bullsnake). Nesting. Herpetological Review 38(1): 92. Iverson, J.B.; Young, C.A.; Akre, T.S. 2008. Body size and growth in the Bullsnake (Pituophis catenifer sayi) in the Nebraska Sandhills. Journal of Herpetology 42(3): 501-507. Iverson, J.B.; Young, C.A.; Akre, T.S.B.; Griffiths, C.M. 2012. Reproduction by female Bullsnakes (Pituophis catenifer sayi) in the Nebraska sandhills. Southwestern Naturalist 57(1): 58-73. Jenne, E.A. 1975. Rostral abrasion of a captive Pituophis catenifer. Proceedings of the Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters 52(1): 1-3. Jennings, M.R. 1997. Natural history notes: Pituophis melanoleucus annectens (San Diego Gopher Snake) and Masticophis lateralis lateralis (California Striped Racer). Predation. Herpetological Review 28(4): 205-206. Jennings, M.R.; Rathbun, G.B.; Langtimm, C.A. 1996. Natural history notes: Pituophis melanoleucus catenifer (Pacific Gopher Snake). Prey. Herpetological Review 27(1): 26. Jochimsen, D.M. 2006. Factors influencing the road mortality of snakes on the upper Snake River plain, Idaho. pp. 351-365. In: Irwin, C.L.; Garrett, P.; McDermott, K.P. (eds.). On the road to stewardship. International Conference on Ecology and Transportation 2005 Proceedings, August 29 - September 2, 2005, San Diego, California. ITRE, North Carolina State University, Raleigh. 712 pp. Jochimsen, D.M.; Petersen, C.R.; Harmon, L.J. 2014. Influence of ecology and landscape on snake road mortality in a sagebrush-steppe ecosystem. Animal Conservation 17(6): 583-592. Kapfer, J.A.; Coggins, J.R.; Hay, R. 2008. Estimates of population size, measurements of sex ratios, and reported mortality rates for Bullsnakes (Pituophis catenifer sayi) at a site in the upper Midwestern United States. Journal of Herpetology 42(2): 265-269. Kapfer, J.M.; Benell, C.T. 2005. Natural history notes: Pituophis catenifer sayi (Bullsnake). Predation. Herpetological Review 36(3): 326. Kapfer, J.M.; Coggins, J.R.; Hay, R. 2008. Spatial ecology and habitat selection of Bullsnakes (Pituophis catenifer sayi) at the northern periphery of their geographic range. Copeia 2008(4): 815-826. Kapfer, J.M.; Hay, R.; Wanatka, M. 2008. Geographic distribution: Pituophis catenifer sayi (Bullsnake). USA: Wisconsin. Herpetological Review 39(4): 486. Kapfer, J.M.; Pauers, M.J.; Coggins, J.R.; Hay, R. 2009. Microhabitat selection of Bullsnakes (Pituophis catenifer sayi) at a site in the Upper Midwestern United States. Herpetological Review 40(2): 148-151. Kapfer, J.M.; Pauers, M.J.; Reineke, D.M.; Coggins, J.R.; Hay, R. 2008. Environmental, behavioral, and habitat variables influencing body temperature in radio-tagged Bullsnakes, Pituophis catenifer sayi. Journal of Thermal Biology 33(3): 174-179. Kapfer, J.M.; Pekar, C.W.; Reineke, D.M.; Coggins, J.R.; Hay, R. 2010. Modeling the relationship between habitat preferences and home-range size: a case study on a large mobile colubrid snake from North America. Journal of Zoology (London) 282(1): 13-20. Kasper, S. 2014. Natural history notes: Pituophis catenifer sayi (Bullsnake). Diet. Herpetological Review 45(2): 341-342. Kennard, C. 1981. Intraspecific hybridization between a female Northern Pine Snake and a male San Diego gopher snake. Bulletin of the Philadelphia Herpetological Society 28 [1980]: 3-5. Keogh, J.S.; DeSerto, F.P. 1994. Temperature dependent defensive behavior in three species of North American colubrid snakes. Journal of Herpetology 28(2): 258-261. King, K.A.; Rorabaugh, J.C.; Humphrey, J.A. 2002. Natural history notes: Rana catesbeiana (Bullfrog). Diet. Herpetological Review 33(2): 130-131. Kingery, E.H. 2007. Bullsnake versus red-tailed hawk. Colorado Birds 41(3): 187. Kissner, K.J.; Nicholson, J. 2003. Bullsnakes (Pituophis catenifer sayi) in Alberta: literature review and data compilation. Alberta Species at Risk Report 62: 1-20. Klauber, L.M. 1946. The gopher snakes of Baja California, with descriptions of new subspecies of Pituophis catenifer. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 11(1): 1-40. Kolbe, J.; Harmon, L.J.; Warner, D.A. 1999. New state record lengths and associated natural history notes for some Illinois snakes. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 92(1-2): 133-135. Krochmal, A.R.; Salmon, G.T. 2014. Natural history notes: Pituophis catenifer sayi (Bullsnake). Scavenging. Herpetological Review 45(1): 146-147. Krysko, K.L.; Smith, D.C.; Rochford, M.R.; Kieckhefer, G.N.; Nunez, L.P. 2014. Confirmation of introduced Louisiana pinesnakes, Pituophis ruthveni, in Florida based on molecular analyses. Amphibian and Reptile Conservation 8(2)(General Section): 36-43. Latif, Q.S.; Heath, S.K.; Ballard, G. 2012. The nest predator assemblage for songbirds in Mono Lake Basin riparian habitats. Western North American Naturalist 72(3): 276-287. LeClere, J.B.; Hoaglund, E.P.; Scharosch, J.; Smith, C.E.; Gamble, T. 2012. Two naturally occurring intergeneric hybrid snakes (Pituophis catenifer sayi x Pantherophis vulpinus; Lampropeltini, Squamata) from the midwestern United States. Journal of Herpetology 46(2): 257-262. Leviton, A.E.; Kessel, E.L. 1958. A second instance of albinistic tendencies in the Pacific gopher snake. Herpetologica 14: 77-78. Loeffler, C.W. 2001. Geographic distribution: Pituophis catenifer deserticola (Great Basin Gopher Snake). Herpetological Review 32(2): 124. Loughry, W.J. 1988. Population differences in how black-tailed prairie dogs deal with snakes. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 22(1): 61-67. Martino, J.A.; Poulin, R.G.; Parker, D.L.; Somers, C.M. 2012. Habitat selection by grassland snakes at northern range limits: implications for conservation. Journal of Wildlife Management 76(4): 759-767. Maxson, G.A.D. 1981. Arboreal nest predation by a Bullsnake. Loon 53(1): 61-62. McAllister, C.T. 1984. Geographic distribution: Pituophis melanoleucus sayi (Bullsnake). Herpetological Review 15(3): 78. McCrea, R.; McCrea, G.; Hiserote, B. 1963. Excavation habits of the bullsnake, Pituophis melanoleucus sayi. Bulletin of the Philadelphia Herpetological Society 11: 12. McDowell, A. 1951. Bullsnake active in December. Herpetologica 7: 142. McKeown, S.; Morgan, M. 1996. Two size records for California snakes. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 31(12): 217-218. McNaughton, G. 1976. Relict populations of Pituophis melanoleucus and Thamnophis radix in Illinois. Herpetological Review 7(3): 124. Mehrtens, J.M. 1952. Notes on the eggs and young of Pituophis melanoleucus sayi. Herpetologica 8(3): 69-70. Mittleman, M.B. 1942. Pituophis catenifer deserticola Stejneger in Arizona. Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club 21: 43-45. Moon, B.R.; Gans, C. 1998. Kinematics, muscular activity and propulsion in Gopher Snakes. Journal of Experimental Biology 201(19): 2669-2684. Moriarty, J.J. 1998. Geographic distribution: Pituophis catenifer sayi (Bullsnake). Herpetological Review 29(2): 115. Moriarty, J.J. 1998. Geographic distribution: Pituophis catenifer sayi (Bullsnake). Herpetological Review 29(3): 178. Moriarty, J.J. 2006. Geographic distribution: Pituophis catenifer sayi (Bullsnake). Herpetological Review 37(2): 242-243. Morse, A.P. 1927. The way of a snake with a gopher. Copeia 1927(164): 71-72. Nickerson, M.A. 1973. A record length for the Sonoran gopher snake. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Sciences 73(2): 279. Nickerson, M.A. 1974. Geographic distribution: Pituophis melanoleucus sayi. USA: Missouri: St. Clair Co. Herpetological Review 5(2): 47. Niedrach, R.J. 1971. Bull snake and common grackles. Wilson Bulletin 83(3): 317-318. Olsen, O.W. 1958. Tragedy at the nest of a Lewis's woodpecker. 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