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Bibliography of the order Squamata (Scaled Reptiles)


Suborders Lizards (Sauria), Snakes (Serpentes), and Worm Lizards (Amphisbaenia)

Note: In order to limit redundancy, relevant literature indexed in the related bibliographies in the left column may not have been included in this page. For a comprehensive search of literature, these bibliographies should therefore also be consulted.


Albert, E.M.; San Mauro, D.; García-París, M.; Rueber, L.; Zardoya, R. 2009. Effect of taxon sampling on recovering the phylogeny of squamate reptiles based on complete mitochondrial genome and nuclear gene sequence data. Gene (Amsterdam) 441(1-2): 12-21.

Ananjeva, N.B.; Orlov, N.L. 2012. [Egg teeth of scaled reptiles (Squamata) and their phylogenetic importance]. (In Russian). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 91(11): 1351-1357.

Ananjeva, N.B.; Orlov, N.L. 2013. Egg teeth of squamate reptiles and their phylogenetic significance. Biology Bulletin 40(7): 600-605.

Andrews, R.M.; Brandley, M.C.; Greene, V.W. 2013. Developmental sequences of squamate reptiles are taxon specific. Evolution & Development 15(5): 326-343.

Conrad, J.L. 2008. Phylogeny and systematics of Squamata (Reptilia) based on morphology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 310: 1-182.

Cope, E.D. 1896. Boulenger on the difference between Lacertilia and Ophidia, and on the Apoda. American Naturalist 30: 149-152.

Douglas, D.A.; Arnason, U. 2009. Examining the utility of categorical models and alleviating artifacts in phylogenetic reconstruction of the Squamata (Reptilia). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 52(3): 784-796.

Dufaure, J.P. 1967. Développement et différenciation sexuelle des organes copulateurs chez les reptiles squamates. Comptes Rendus des Seances de la Societe de Biologie et de Ses Filiales 160: 2303-2306.

Gauthier, J.A.; Kearney, M.; Maisano, J.A.; Rieppel, O.; Behlke, A.R. 2012. Assembling the squamate tree of life: perspectives from the phenotype and the fossil record. Bulletin Peabody Museum of Natural History Yale University 53(1): 3-308.

Grechko, V.V.; Kosushkin, S.A.; Borodulina, O.R.; Butaeva, F.G.; Darevsky, I.S. 2011. Short interspersed elements (SINEs) of squamate reptiles (Squam1 and Squam2): structure and phylogenetic significance. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B Molecular and Developmental Evolution 316B(3): 212-226.

Haas, G. 1973. Muscles of the jaws and associated structures in the Rhynchocephalia and Squamata. pp. 285-490. In: Gans, C. & Parsons, T.S. (eds.). Biology of the Reptilia. Vol. 4. Morphology D. Academic Press, London & New York. 528 pp.

Harrington, S.M.; Leavitt, D.H.; Reeder, T.W. 2016. Squamate phylogenetics, molecular branch lengths, and molecular apomorphies: A response to McMahan et al. Copeia 104(3): 702–707.

Harris, D.J. 2003. Codon bias variation in C-mos between squamate families might distort phylogenetic inferences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 27(3): 540-544.

Hedges, S.B.; Vidal, N. 2009. Lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians (Squamata). pp. 383-389. In: Hedges, S.B. & Kumar, S. (eds.). The timetree of life. Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, etc. 551 pp.

Hoffstetter, R. 1962. Revue des récentes acquisitions concernant l'histoire et la systématique des squamates. In: Problèmes actuels de Paléontologie (Evolution des Vertébrés). Colloq. Intern. Prob. Pal. du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Paris) 104: 243-279.

Iordansky, N.N. 1980. [Jaw musculature in snakes and differentiation of maxillary muscles in Squamata phylogeny]. pp. 159-176. (In Russian). In: Sokolov, V.E. & Lebedkina, N.S. (eds.). [Morphological aspects of evolution: 90th anniversary of the birth of B.S. Matveev]. Nauka, Moscow. 213 pp.

Kardong, K.V.; Bels, V.L. 2001. Functional morphology and evolution of the feeding apparatus in squamates. pp. 173-219. In: Dutta, H.M.; Datta Munshi, J.S. (eds.). Vertebrate functional morphology: horizon of research in the 21st century. Science Publishers, Enfield & Plymouth. 487 pp.

Lee, M.S.Y. 1998. Convergent evolution and character correlation in burrowing reptiles: towards a resolution of squamate relationships. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 65(4): 369-453.

Pokorna, M.; Kratochvil, L.; Giovannotti, M.; Trifonov, V.A.; Ferguson-Smith, M.A.; Caputo, V.; Olmo, E.; Rens, W. 2012. A slow rate of chromosome evolution unites squamate reptiles. Chromosome Research 20(6): 808.

Pyron, R.A.; Burbrink, F.T.; Wiens, J.J. 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13: 1-53.

Rheubert, J.L.; Murray, C.M.; Siegel, D.S.; Babin, J.; Sever, D.M. 2011. The sexual segment of Hemidactylus turcicus and the evolution of sexual segment location in Squamata. Journal of Morphology 272(7): 802-813.

Rieppel, O.; Gauthier, J.; Maisano, J. 2008. Comparative morphology of the dermal palate in squamate reptiles, with comments on phylogenetic implications. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 152(1): 131-152.

Sanger, T.J. 2012. The emergence of squamates as model systems for integrative biology. Evolution&Development 14(3): 231-233.

Turner, F.B. 1977. The dynamics of populations of squamates, crocodilians and rhynchocephalians. pp. 157-264. In: Gans, C. & Tinkle, D.W. (eds.). Biology of the Reptilia. Vol. 7. Ecology and behaviour A. Academic Press, London, New York & San Francisco. 720 pp.

Underwood, G. 1957. On lizards of the family Pygopodidae. A contribution to the morphology and phylogeny of the Squamata. Journal of Morphology 100: 207-268.

Vitt, L.J.; Pianka, E.R.; Cooper, W.E.; Schwenk, K. 2003. History and the global ecology of squamate reptiles. American Naturalist 162(1): 44-60.

Wiens, J.J.; Hutter, C.R.; Mulcahy, D.G.; Noonan, B.P.; Townsend, T.M.; Sites, J.W.; Reeder, T.W. 2012. Resolving the phylogeny of lizards and snakes (Squamata) with extensive sampling of genes and species. Biology Letters 8(6): 1043-1046.