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Taxonomy of the genus Thamnophis Biodiversity of the family Colubridae

Bibliography of the genus
Thamnophis (North American Garter Snakes and Ribbon Snakes)

(Reptilia: Serpentes: Colubridae)

Note: In order to limit redundancy, relevant literature indexed in the related bibliographies in the left column may not have been included in this page. For a comprehensive search of literature, these bibliographies should therefore also be consulted.


Thamnophis in general

Anonymous. 1982. Snakes get under town's skin. Chicago Herpetological Society Newsletter 1982(June): 1p.

Anonymous. 1990. ['Isolated' garter snake gives birth]. Dieren 7(4): 98.

Aleksiuk, M. 1977. Sources of mortality in concentrated garter snake populations. Canadian Field Naturalist 91(1): 70-72.

Alfaro, M.E. 2002. Forward attack modes of aquatic feeding garter snakes. Functional Ecology 16(2): 204-215.

Arnold, S.J.; Peterson, C.R.; Gladstone, J. 1995. Behavioural variation in natural populations. 7. Maternal body temperature does not affect juvenile thermoregulation in a garter snake. Animal Behaviour 50(3): 623-633.

Arnold, S.J.; Wassersug, R.J. 1978. Differential predation on metamorphic anurans by garter snakes (Thamnophis): social behaviour as a possible defence. Ecology 59(5): 1014-1022.

Bailey-Bowers, B.; Bledsoe, A.E.; Burghardt, G.M. 1993. Responses to escalating predatory threat in garter and ribbon snakes (Thamnophis). Journal of Comparative Psychology 107(1): 25-33.

Barten, S.L. 1982. Predation on a garter snake, Thamnophis sp. by a blue jay, Cyanocitta cristata. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 17(4): 99.

Bauer, A.M.; Russell, A.P. 2001. The first record of reptiles in Alberta: Aemilius Simpson's journal of 1826. Herpetological Review 32(3): 174-176.

Bell, M.A.; Haglund, T.R. 1978. Selective predation of threespine stiklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) by garter snakes. Evolution 32(2): 304-319.

Boundy, J.; Rossman, D.A. 1995. Allocation and status of the garter snake names Coluber infernalis Blainville, Eutaenia sirtalis tetrataenia Cope and Eutaenia imperialis Coues and Yarrow. Copeia 1995(1): 236-240.

Bourguignon, T. 2002. Strumpfbandnattern: Herkunft - Pflege - Arten. Ulmer, Stuttgart. 125 pp.

Brent-Charland, M.; Gregory, P.T. 1995. Movements and habitat use in gravid and nongravid female garter snakes (Colubridae: Thamnophis). Journal of Zoology (London) 236(4): 543-561.

Britt, E.J.; Clark, A.J.; Bennett, A.F. 2009. Dental morphologies in gartersnakes (Thamnophis) and their connection to dietary preferences. Journal of Herpetology 43(2): 252-259.

Brodie, E.D.; Brodie, E.D. 1991. Evolutionary response of predators to dangerous prey: reduction of toxicity of newts and resistance of garter snakes in island populations. Evolution 45(1): 221-224.

Brodie, E.D.; Tumbarello, M.S. 1978. The antipredator functions of Dendrobates auratus (Amphibia, Anura, Dendrobatidae) skin secretion in regard to a snake predator (Thamnophis). Journal of Herpetology 12(2): 264-265.

Brown, A.E. 1903. The variations of Eutaenia in the Pacific Subregion. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 55: 286-297.

Bruynonckx, H. 1985. Herbivorous Thamnophis? Litteratura Serpentium 5(2): 69-70.

Burghardt, G.M. 1969. Comparative prey-attack studies in newborn snakes of the genus Thamnophis. Behaviour 33: 77-114.

Burghardt, G.M.; Denny, D. 1983. Effects of prey movement and prey odor on feeding in garter snakes. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 62(4): 329-347.

Burghardt, G.M.; Goss, S.E.; Schell, F.M. 1988. Comparison of earthworm- and fish-derived chemicals eliciting prey attack by garter snakes (Thamnophis). Journal of Chemical Ecology 14(3): 855-881.

Burghardt, G.M.; Pruitt, C.H. 1975. Role of the tongue and senses in feeding of naive and experienced garter snakes. Physiology & Behavior 14(2): 185-194.

Calmonte, T. 1983. Strumpfbandnattern - eine lebhafte Gesellschaft im Terrarium. Herpetofauna (Weinstadt) 5(27): 33-34.

Carpenter, C.C. 1950. Role of food habits in interspecific competition between Michigan garter snakes. Anatomical Record 108(3): 571.

Carpenter, C.C. 1952. Growth and maturity of the three species of Thamnophis in Michigan. Copeia 1952: 237-243.

Carpenter, C.C. 1953. Weight-length relationship of Michigan garter snakes. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 38: 147-150.

Carpenter, C.C. 1956. Body temperatures of three species of Thamnophis. Ecology 37: 732-735.

Charland, M.B. 1995. Thermal consequences of reptilian viviparity: thermoregulation in gravid and nongravid garter snakes (Thamnophis). Journal of Herpetology 29(3): 383-390.

Chiasson, R.B.; Lowe, C.H. 1989. Ultrastructural Scale Patterns in Nerodia and Thamnophis. Journal of Herpetology 23(2): 109-118.

Chiszar, D.; Taylor, S.V.; Radcliffe, C.W.; Smith, H.M.; O'Connell, B. 1981. Effects of chemical and visual stimuli upon chemosensory searching by garter snakes and rattlesnakes. Journal of Herpetology 15(4): 415-424.

Churchill, T.A.; Storey, K.B. 1991. Metabolic responses to freezing by garter snakes. Cryo Letters 12(6): 359-366.

Clark, H.L. 1908. The garter snakes of North America. Science (New York) N.S. 28: 682.

Cundall, D.; Shardo, J. 1995. Rhinokinetic snout of thamnophiine snakes. Journal of Morphology 225(1): 31-50.

Cunningham, D.S.; Burghardt, G.M. 1999. A comparative study of facial grooming after prey ingestion in colubrid snakes. Ethology 105(11): 913-936.

Czaplicki, J.A.; Porter, R.H.; Wilcoxon, H.C. 1975. Olfactory mimicry involving garter snakes and artificial models and mimics. Behaviour 54(1-2): 60-71.

Das, J. 1984. Strumpfbandnattern (Thamnophis) am Hicks Lake in Kanada. DATZ 37: 309-310.

Denburgh, J. van; Slevin, J.R. 1918. The garter snakes of western North America. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Ser. 4) 8: 181-270.

Devine, M.C. 1976. Species discrimination in mate selection in free-living male garter snakes and experimental evidence for the role of pheromones. (Abstract). Herpetological Review 7(2): 79.

Devine, M.C. 1977. Copulatory plugs, restricted mating opportunities and reproductive competition among male garter snakes. Nature (London) 267(5609): 345-346.

Doughty, P. 1994. Critical thermal minima of garter snakes (Thamnophis) depend on species and body size. Copeia 2: 537-540.

Drummond, H. 1983. Aquatic foraging in garter snakes: a comparison of specialists and generalists. Behaviour 86(1-2): 1-30.

Erickson, D.B. 1978. Robin feeding upon snake. Murrelet 59(1): 26.

Feldman, C.R.; Brodie, E.D.; Brodie, E.D.; Pfrender, M.E. 2010. Genetic architecture of a feeding adaptation: garter snake (Thamnophis) resistance to tetrodotoxin bearing prey. Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Sciences Series B 277(1698): 3317-3325.

Fitch, H.S. 1940. A biogeographical study of the ordinoides Artenkreis of Garter Snakes (genus Thamnophis). University of California Publications in Zoology 44(1): 1-150.

Fitch, H.S. 1941. The feeding habits of California garter snakes. California Fish and Game 27: 2-32.

Fitch, H.S. 1980. Remarks concerning certain western garter snakes of the Thamnophis elegans complex. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 83(3): 106-113.

Fitzner, R.E.; Rickard, W.H.; Clark, D.E. 1978. Herpetological survey at the Trojan Nuclear Plant, Oregon. Northwest Science 52(2): 104-107.

Ford, N. 1996. The North American garter snakes. Vivarium (Lakeside) 7(6): 56-62.

Ford, N.B. 1980. Aspects of pheromone trailing in garter snakes (Thamnophis). Dissertation Abstracts International B Sciences and Engineering 41(2): 488.

Ford, N.B. 1982. Species specificity of sex pheromone trails of sympatric and allopatric garter snakes (Thamnophis). Copeia 1982(1): 10-13.

Ford, N.B.; Low, J.R. 1984. Sex pheromone source location by garter snakes: a mechanism for detection of direction in nonvolatile trails. Journal of Chemical Ecology 10(8): 1193-1199.

Ford, N.B.; Shuttlesworth, G.A. 1986. Effects of variation in food intake on locomotory performance of juvenile garter snakes. Copeia 1986(4): 999-1001.

Fosdick, M.K. 1968. Distributional records from a collection of reptiles from western and central Mexico. Herpeton 3(1): 1-3.

Fox, W. 1948. Horned owl feeding on garter snake. Condor 50: 46.

Fox, W. 1951. Relationships among the garter snakes of the Thamnophis elegans Rassenkreis. University of California Publications in Zoology 50: 485-530.

Fox, W. 1954. Genetic and environmental variation in the timing of the reproductive cycles of male garter snakes. Journal of Morphology 95: 415-450.

Gangloff, E.J.; Reding, D.M.; Bertolatus, D.; Reigel, C.J.; Gagliardi-Seeley, J.L.; Bronikowski, A.M. 2017. Snakes in the city: population structure of sympatric Gartersnakes (Thamnophis spp.) in an urban landscape. Herpetological Conservation and Biology 12(2): 509-521

Garcia, C.M.; Drummond, H. 1988. The use of frozen fish to test chemoreceptive preferences of garter snakes. Copeia 1988(3): 785-787.

Gardner, J.B. 1955. A ball of gartersnakes. Copeia 1955(4): 310.

Gardner, J.B. 1957. A garter snake "ball". Copeia 1957: 48.

Garland, T. 1994. Quantitative genetics of locomotor behavior and physiology in a garter snake. pp. 251-277. In: Boake, C.R.B. (ed.). Quantitative genetic studies of behavioral evolution. University of Chicago Press, Chicago & London. 390 pp.

Garland, T.; Bennett, A.F. 1990. Quantitative genetics of maximal oxygen consumption in a garter snake. American Journal of Physiology 259(5): 986-992.

Garstka, W.R. 1983. Chemical communication and the control of garter snake reproductive cycles. Dissertation Abstracts International B Sciences and Engineering 43(7): 2132-2133.

Garstka, W.R.; Crews, D. 1981. Female sex pheromone in the skin and circulation of a garter snake. Science (Washington, D.C.) 214(4521): 681-683.

Garstka, W.R.; Crews, D. 1985. Mate preference in garter snakes. Herpetologica 41(1): 9-19.

Garza de Leon, A.; Moran Rosales, I.; Cancino de la Fuente, F.; Tinajero-Hernandez, R.; Aquino, S.L. de 2007. Parametros reproductivos y nueva localidad de anidacion para el gorrion de Worthen (Spizella wortheni) en el estado de Coahuila, Mexico. Ornitologia Neotropical 18(2): 243-249.

Gebauer, J. 2006. Strumpfbandnattern in der Wissenschaft. Draco 7(1) (25): 60-65.

Gibson, A.R.; Smucny, D.A.; Kollar, J. 1989. The effects of feeding and ecdysis on temperature selection by young garter snakes in a simple thermal mosaic. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67(1): 19-23.

Gould, F.D. 1998. A guide to North American garter snakes. Introduction to natural history and basic triage. Journal of Wildlife Rehabilitation 21(3-4): 9-18.

Gray, B.S. 2010. Distribution of native and exotic earthworms in the eastern United States: implications for the ecology of vermivorous snakes. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 45(5): 73-86.

Gregory, P.T. 1984. Correlations between body temperature and environmental factors and their variations with activity in garter snakes (Thamnophis). Canadian Journal of Zoology 62(11): 2244-2249.

Gregory, P.T. 1984. Habitat, diet, and composition of assemblages of garter snakes (Thamnophis) at eight sites on Vancouver Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 62(10): 2013-2022.

Gregory, P.T. 1990. Temperature differences between head and body in garter snakes (Thamnophis) at a den in central British Columbia. Journal of Herpetology 24(3): 241-245.

Gregory, P.T.; McIntosh, A.G.D. 1980. Thermal niche overlap in garter snakes (Thamnophis) on Vancouver Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 58(3): 351-355.

Gruebner, D. 2006. Die häufigsten Strumpfbandnattern im Terrarium. Draco 7(1) (25): 32-39.

Gruebner, D. 2006. Die seltener beachteten Strumpfbandnattern. Draco 7(1) (25): 66-76.

Gruebner, D. 2014. Farbformen bei Strumpfbandnattern. Ein Blick in die Vergangenheit, das Heute und die Trends von Morgen. Draco 15(57): 16-27.

Gruebner, D.; Sonnenberg, J. 2006. Farbformen bei Strumpfbandnattern. Draco 7(1) (25): 77-85.

Guest, P. 1961. The garter snake - a nature lesson. Blue Jay 19: 181-182.

Haines, A. 1980. Garter snakes. Practical Fishkeeping 1980 (December): 44-45.

Halliday, W.D.; Blouin-Demers, G. 2017. Can skin temperature be used as a proxy for body temperature in gartersnakes? Herpetological Review 48(4): 731-734.

Hallmen, M. 2004. Zum aus der Haut fahren - Beobachtungen an Natternhemden. Draco 5(1) (17): 64-67.

Hallmen, M. 2006. Hilfen zur Unterscheidung einiger Unterarten und Farbformen bei Strumpfbandnattern. Draco 7(1) (25): 50-59.

Hallmen, M. 2006. Strumpfbandnattern im Freilandterrarium. Draco 7(1) (25): 102-111.

Hallmen, M.; Chlebowy, J. 2001. Strumpfbandnattern. Natur und Tier-Verlag, Münster. 191 pp.

Hallmen, M.; Gruebner, D. 2006. Überblick über die Gattung Thamnophis. Draco 7(1) (25): 6-24.

Halloy, M.; Burghardt, G.M. 1990. Ontogeny of fish capture and ingestion in four species of garter snakes (Thamnophis). Behaviour 112(3-4): 299-318.

Halpern, J.; Schulman, N.; Halpern, M. 1987. Earthworm alarm pheromone is a garter snake chemoattractant? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 510: 328-329.

Hawden, D. 1980. Dietary deficiency in garter snakes. British Herpetological Society Bulletin 1: 36.

Hebard, W.B. 1950. Relationships and variation in the garter snakes, genus Thamnophis of the Puget Sound region of Washington State. Herpetologica 6: 97-101.

Hebard, W.B. 1951. Notes on the ecology of garter snakes in the Puget Sound region. Herpetologica 7: 61-62.

Heller, S.; Halpern, M. 1981. Laboratory observations on conspecific and congeneric scent trailing in garter snakes (Thamnophis). Behavioral and Neural Biology 33(3): 372-377.

Herzog, H.A.; Bowers, B.B.; Burghardt, G.M. 1989. Stimulus control of antipredator behavior in newborn and juvenile garter snakes (Thamnophis). Journal of Comparative Psychology 103(3): 233-242.

Holtzman, D.A. 1993. The ontogeny of nasal chemical senses in garter snakes. Brain Behavior and Evolution 41(3-5): 163-170.

Holtzman, D.A.; Eyck, G.R.T.; Begun, D. 1989. Artificial hibernation of garter (Thamnophis sp.) and corn (Elaphe guttata guttata) snakes. Herpetological Review 20(3): 67-68.

Hoser, R.T. 2012. A review of the North American Garter Snakes genus Thamnophis Fitzinger, 1843 (Serpentes: Colubridae). Australasian Journal of Herpetology 12: 48-53.

Hubbs, C.L. 1932. The use of the generic name Ophis for an eel, a snake and a mollusc. Copeia 1932: 26-27.

Huey, R.B.; Peterson, C.R.; Arnold, S.J.; Porter, W.P. 1989. Hot rocks and not-so-hot rocks: retreat-site selection by garter snakes and its thermal consequences. Ecology 70(4): 931-944.

Jacobs, D.L. 1950. Status of garter snakes in a forest-prairie ecotone in southern Minnesota. Copeia 1950: 233-234.

Jayne, B.C.; Bennett, A.F. 1990. Scaling of speed and endurance in garter snakes: a comparison of cross-sectional and longitudinal allometries. Journal of Zoology (London) 220(2): 257-277.

Jayne, B.C.; Bennett, A.F. 1990. Selection on locomotor performance capacity in a natural population of garter snakes. Evolution 44(5): 1204-1229.

Johnsen, P. 1969. Strømpebåndssnog (Thamnophis) indslæbt [Gartersnake introduced]. (In Danish). Flora og Fauna (Copenhagen) 75: 79.

Kaplan, M. 1996. Garter snakes: an overview of natural history and care in captivity. Litteratura Serpentium (English Edition) 16(3): 58-63.

Kelehear, C.; Seiler, M.; Graham, S.P. 2017. Natural history notes: Gastrophryne olivacea (Western Narrow-mouthed Toad). Predation. Herpetological Review 48(3): 606-607.

Kephart, D.G. 1982. Microgeographic variation in the diets of garter snakes. Oecologia (Berlin) 52(2): 287-291.

Kephart, D.G.; Arnold, S.J. 1982. Garter snake diets in a fluctuating environment: a seven-year study. Ecology 63(5): 1232-1236.

King, R.B.; Bittner, T.D.; Queral Regil, A.; Cline, J.H. 1999. Sexual dimorphism in neonate and adult snakes. Journal of Zoology (London) 247(1): 19-28.

Kirschenbaum, D.M.; Schulman, N.; Halpern, M. 1986. Earthworms produce and collagen-like substance detected by the garter snake vomeronasal system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Usa Biological Sciences 83(4): 1213-1216.

Kubie, J.L.; Cohen, J.; Halpern, M. 1978. Shedding enhances the sexual attractiveness of oestradiol treated garter snakes and their untreated penmates. Animal Behaviour 26(2): 562-570.

Kubie, J.L.; Halpern, M. 1975. Laboratory observations of trailing behavior in garter snakes. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 89(7): 667-674.

Kubie, J.L.; Halpern, M. 1978. Garter snake trailing behaviour: effects of varying prey-extract concentration and mode of pey-extract presentation. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 92(2): 362-373.

Kubie, J.L.; Halpern, M. 1979. Chemical senses involved in garter snake prey trailing. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 93(4): 648-667.

Kubie, J.L.; Vagvolgyi, A.; Halpern, M. 1978. Roles of the vomeronasal and olfactory systems in courtship behavior of male garter snakes. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 92(4): 627-641.

Kupferberg, S.J. 1994. Exotic larval Bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) as prey for native garter snakes: functional and conservation implications. Herpetological Review 25(3): 95-97.

Larsen, K.W.; Hare, J.F. 1992. Criddle's riddle: where do young garter snakes hibernate? Herpetological Review 23(2): 39-41.

Latif, Q.S.; Heath, S.K.; Ballard, G. 2012. The nest predator assemblage for songbirds in Mono Lake Basin riparian habitats. Western North American Naturalist 72(3): 276-287.

Lawson, R.; Dessauer, H.C. 1979. Biochemical genetics and systematics of garter snakes of the Thamnophis elegans-couchii-ordinoides complex. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology Louisiana State University 56: 1-24.

Lemos-Espinal, J.A.; Auth, D.L.; Chiszar, D.; Smith, H.M. 2002. Year 2000 snakes from Chihuahua, Mexico. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 37(3): 51-55.

Liu, W.; Wang, D.; Chen, P.; Halpern, M. 1997. Cloning and expression of a gene encoding a protein obtained from earthworm secretion that is a chemoattractant for garter snakes. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272(43): 27378-27381.

Lowe, C.H. 1955. Generic status of the aquatic snake Thamnophis angustirostris. Copeia 1955: 307-309.

Luttges, M.W.; Andry, M.L. 1972. Convulsive activity in garter snakes. Behavioral Biology 7(2): 227-243.

Macartney, J.M.; Gregory, P.T. 1981. Differential susceptibility of sympatric garter snake species to amphibian skin secretions. American Midland Naturalist 106(2): 271-281.

Macartney, J.M.; Larsen, K.W.; Gregory, P.T. 1989. Body temperatures and movements of hibernating snakes (Crotalus and Thamnophis) and thermal gradients of natural hibernacula. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67(1): 108-114.

Malnate, E.V. 1960. Systematic division and evolution of the colubrid snake genus Natrix, with comments on the subfamily Natricinae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 112: 41-71.

Mara, W.P. 1994. Garter and Ribbon Snakes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 64 pp.

Marvel, B. 1977. A sightly slither of serpents. Defenders 52(2): 84-89.

Mason, R.T.; Crews, D. 1985. Female mimicry in garter snakes. Nature (London) 316(6023): 59-60.

Mckay, F.; Dew, J. 1957. Garter snakes eating minnows. Blue Jay 15: 179-180.

McVay, J.D.; Flores-Villela, O.; Carstens, B. 2015. Diversification of North American natricine snakes. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 116(1): 1-12.

McWhirter, D.W. 1987. Commensalistic feeding exhibited by wood warblers in association with a garter snake. Jack-Pine Warbler 65(1-2): 15-16.

Meer, J. van het 1989. The genus Thamnophis, part 5, Thamnophis (radix) butleri. Litteratura Serpentium (English Edition) 9(1): 4-8.

Meer, J. van het 1995. The care and breeding of Thamnophis species. Litteratura Serpentium (English Edition) 15(3): 64-69.

Meer, J. van het 1996. A new method of breeding Thamnophis species. Litteratura Serpentium (English Edition) 16(4): 90-93.

Mendoza-Hernandez, A.A.; Mocino-Deloya, E.; Setser, K. 2009. Natural history notes: Diadophis punctatus (Ringneck Snake). Ophiophagy. Herpetological Review 40(4): 441-442.

Merker, G.; Merker, C. 2001. Garter snakes. Striped beauties from North America. Reptile & Amphibian Hobbyist 6(7): 8-16.

Murphy, J.C. 1987. Water snakes that you might see around Chicago. Field Museum of Natural History Bulletin 58(3): 11-16.

Mutschmann, F. 1995. Die Strumpfbandnattern: Biologie, Verbreitung, Haltung. Westarp Wissenschaften, Magdeburg. 172 pp.

Nelson, R.J.; Mason, R.T.; Krohmer, R.W.; Crews, D. 1987. Pinealectomy blocks vernal courtship behaviour in red-sided garter snakes. Physiology & Behavior 39(2): 231-233.

Nelson, W.B.; Slavens, F. 1975. Two-headed garter snake. Journal Zoo Anim. Med. 6(3): 23.

Nero, R.W. 1957. Observations at a garter snake hibernaculum. Blue Jay 15: 116-118.

Nickell, W.P. 1968. Sparrowhawk swallows eighteen inch garter snake. Jack Pine Warbler 45: 68.

Noble, G.K. 1937. The sense organs involved in the courtship of Storeria, Thamnophis and other snakes. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 73: 673-725.

Oakes, C. 1989. Various problems with garter snakes. Snake Keeper 3(3): 15-18.

Ognev, A. 1993. [Garter snakes]. Akvariumist (Akvariumy i Terrariumy) 6: 22-23.

Ormondt, N. van; Lennepkade, J. van 1984. Gartersnakes (Thamnophis) in the terrarium. Lacerta 42(4): 72-75.

O'Shea, M. 1979. Record length garter snake? Herptile 4(1): 6.

Pickett, J. 1979. Field notes on the garter snakes of the coastal regions of California and Oregon. British Herpetological Society Newsletter 20: 12-16.

Pisani, G.R. 1976. Comments on the courtship and mating mechanics of Thamnophis (Reptilia, Serpentes, Colubridae). Journal of Herpetology 10(2): 139-142.

Pywell Fox, G. 1989. How to create 'Thamnophia'. Snake Keeper 3(2): 17.

Queiroz, A. de 1997. Lip-flaring in thamnophiine snakes and its possible association with feeding on soft-bodied, sticky prey. Herpetological Review 28(1): 28-29.

Queiroz, A. de; Lawson, R. 1994. Phylogenetic relationships of the garter snakes based on DNA sequence and allozyme variation. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 53(3): 209-229.

Queiroz, A. de; Lawson, R.; Lemos-Espinal, J.A. 2002. Phylogenetic relationships of North American garter snakes (Thamnophis) based on four mitochondrial genes: How much DNA sequence is enough? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 22(2): 315-329.

Rahn, H. 1940. Sperm viability in the uterus of the garter snake, Thamnophis. Copeia 1940: 109-115.

Reichenbach, N.G.; Dalrymple, G.H. 1986. Energy use, life histories, and the evaluation of potential competition in two species of garter snake. Journal of Herpetology 20(2): 133-153.

Riches, R.J. 1981. Hibernating garter snakes Thamnophis spp. Herptile 6(3): 26.

Rijst, H. van der 1991. The effects of food gorging and food abstinence on the growth of juvenile garter snakes. Litteratura Serpentium (English Edition) 11(2): 45-47.

Robertson, W. 1939. A possible factor limiting garter snake population. Wasmann Collector 3: 72.

Robinson, J.M.; Brodey, R.S.; Robinson, J.M. 1975. Winter records of garter and black snakes. Bulletin Philad. herpet. Soc. 22: 33-34.

Rogner, M. 1992. Strumpfbandnattern. TI-Magazin 110: 54-57.

Root, L.A. 1928. Note on a garter snake. Copeia 1928(167): 52-53.

Rosen, P.C. 1991. Comparative field study of thermal preferenda in garter snakes (Thamnophis). Journal of Herpetology 25(3): 301-312.

Ross, P.; Crews, D. 1977. Influence of the seminal plug on mating behaviour in the garter snake. Nature (London) 267(5609): 344-345.

Rossi, J.V.; Rossi, R. 2000. Captive care of North American colubrid snakes (king snakes, rat snakes, indigos, hognoses, garters, waters and others). Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery 10(3-4): 31-33.

Rossi, J.V.; Rossi, R. 2000. Husbandry of North American colubrid snakes. Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery 10(3-4): 24-30.

Rossman, D.A. 1963. The colubrid snake genus Thamnophis: a revision of the sauritus group. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum Biological Sciences 7: 99-178.

Rossman, D.A. 1966. Relationships of the elegans complex of the garter snakes, genus Thamnophis. American Philosophical Society Yearbook 1963(1964): 347-348.

Rossman, D.A. 1979. Morphological evidence for taxonomic partitioning of the Thamnophis elegans complex (Serpentes, Colubridae). Occasional Papers Museum of Zoology Louisiana State University 55: 1-12.

Rossman, D.A. 1991. Identity of the garter snake Thamnophis sumichrasti cerebrosus Smith. Herpetological Review 22(3): 80-81.

Rossman, D.A. 1995. A second external character for distinguishing garter snakes (Thamnophis) from water snakes (Nerodia). Herpetological Review 26(4): 182-183.

Rossman, D.A.; Burbrink, F.T. 2005. Species limits within the Mexican Garter Snakes of the Thamnophis godmani complex. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural Science Louisiana State University 79: 1-44.

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Thamnophis atratus

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Kupferberg, S.J. 1998. Predator mediated patch use by tadpoles (Hyla regilla): risk balancing or consequence of motionlessness?. Journal of Herpetology 32(1): 84-92.

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Shannon, F.A. 1951. Notes on a herpetological collection from Oaxaca and other localities in Mexico. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 101: 465-484.

Stitt, E.W. 2003. Natural history notes: Thamnophis atratus (Coast Garter Snake). Arboreal behavior. Herpetological Review 34(2): 157-158.

Welsh, H.H.; Wheeler, C.A.; Lind, A.J. 2010. Spatial ecology of the Oregon gartersnake, Thamnophis atratus hydrophilus, in a free-flowing stream environment. Copeia 2010(1): 75-85.

Thamnophis bogerti

Rossman, D.A.; Burbrink, F.T. 2005. Species limits within the Mexican Garter Snakes of the Thamnophis godmani complex. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural Science Louisiana State University 79: 1-44.

Thamnophis brachystoma

Asplund, K.K. 1963. Ecological factors in the distribution of Thamnophis brachystoma (Cope). Herpetologica 19: 128-132.

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Clark, H.L. 1903. The short-mouthed snake (Eutaenia brachystoma Cope) in southern Michigan. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 16: 83-87.

Cope, E.D. 1892. A new species of Eutaenia from western Pennsylvania. American Naturalist 26: 964-965.

Ernst, C.H.; Gotte, S.W. 1986. Notes on the reproduction of the shorthead garter snake, Thamnophis brachystoma. Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 22(1): 6-9.

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Gray, B.S. 2011. Seasonal activity and natural history observations of five snake species from the Central Lowland Province of Erie County, Pennsylvania. Journal of Kansas Herpetology 38: 13-20.

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Klingener, D. 1957. A marking study of the short-headed garter snake in Pennsylvania. Herpetologica 13: 100.

Lethaby, M. 2004. Natural history notes: Thamnophis brachystoma (Short-headed Gartersnake). Maximum size. Herpetological Review 35(1): 73.

Lethaby, M. 2011. Natural history notes: Thamnophis brachystoma (Short-headed Gartersnake). Coloration. Herpetological Review 42(3): 445-446.

Lethaby, M. 2011. Natural history notes: Thamnophis brachystoma (Short-headed Gartersnake). Reproduction: maximum litter size. Herpetological Review 42(4): 620.

Lethaby, M.; Gray, B.S. 2015. Natural history notes: Thamnophis brachystoma (Short-headed Gartersnake). Population size, density, and biomass. Herpetological Review 46(4): 652.

Lethaby, M.; Gray, B.S. 2016. Natural history notes: Thamnophis brachystoma (Short-headed Gartersnake). Movements and site fidelity. Herpetological Review 47(3): 485.

Meer, J. van het 1989. Thamnophis, part 6. Thamnophis (Radix) brachystoma. Litteratura Serpentium (English Edition) 9(2): 63-67.

Noble, D.W.A.; Choquette, J.D.; Placyk, J.S.; Brooks, R.J. 2013. Population genetic structure of the endangered Butler's Gartersnake (Thamnophis butleri): does the Short-headed Gartersnake (Thamnophis brachystoma) exist in Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology 91(11): 810-819.

Novotny, R.J. 1990. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis brachystoma (Shorthead Garter Snake). Herpetological Review 21(2): 42.

Novotny, R.J.; Lethaby, M.A.; Gray, B.S. 2011. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis brachystoma (Short-headed Gartersnake). Herpetological Review 42(3): 396.

Pisani, G.R. 1967. Notes on the courtship and mating behaviour of Thamnophis brachystoma (Cope). Herpetologica 23: 112-115.

Price, A.H. 1978. New locality records and range extensions for Thamnophis brachystoma (Reptilia: Serpentes) in Pennsylvania. Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 14(4): 260-263.

Smith, A.G. 1945. The status of Thamnophis butleri Cope, and a re-description of Thamnophis brachystoma (Cope). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 58: 147-154.

Whittaker, C.C. 1905. The status of Eutaenia brachystoma. Rep. Mich. Acad. Sci. 7: 88-92.

Wozniak, E.M.; Bothner, R.C. 1966. Some ecological comparisons between Thamnophis brachystoma and Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis on the Allegheny High Plateau. Journal Ohio Herpetological Society 5: 164-165.

Thamnophis butleri

Barton, A.J. 1956. A statistical study of Thamnophis brachystoma (Cope) with comments on the kinship of T. butleri (Cope). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 69: 71-81.

Bishop, S.C. 1927. Butler's Garter Snake in New York. Copeia 1927(162): 16-17.

Campbell, C. 1971. Butler's Garter Snake in Canada: a review of previously recorded and newly recorded colonies. Bulletin Can. Amph. Rept. Conserv. Soc. 9(5): 1-5.

Carpenter, C.C. 1952. Comparative ecology of the Common Garter Snake (Thamnophis s. sirtalis), the ribbon snake (Thamnophis s. sauritus), and Butler's Garter Snake (Thamnophis butleri) in mixed populations. Ecological Monographs 22(4): 235-258.

Catling, P.M.; Freedman, B. 1980. Food and feeding behavior of sympatric snakes at Amherstburg, Ontario. Canadian Field-Naturalist 94(1): 28-33.

Catling, P.M.; Freedman, B. 1980. Variation in distribution and abundance of four sympatric species of snakes at Amherstburg, Ontario. Canadian Field-Naturalist 94(1): 19-27.

Catling, P.M.; Freedman, W. 1977. Melanistic Butler's Garter Snakes (Thamnophis butleri) at Amherstburg, Ontario. Canadian Field Naturalist 91(4): 397-399.

Choquette, J.D. 2011. A review of historic and unverified Butler’s Gartersnake locations in southern Ontario. Canadian Herpetologist 1(2): 9-11.

Conant, R. 1950. On the taxonomic status of Thamnophis butleri (Cope). Bulletin of the Chicago Academy of Sciences 9(4): 71-77.

Cunningham, D.S.; Burghardt, G.M. 1999. A comparative study of facial grooming after prey ingestion in colubrid snakes. Ethology 105(11): 913-936.

Davis, D.D. 1932. Occurrence of Thamnophis butleri Cope in Wisconsin. Copeia 1932: 113-118.

Finneran, L.C. 1949. A sexual aggregation of the garter snake Thamnophis butleri (Cope). Copeia 1949(2): 141-144.

Fitzpatrick, B.M.; Placyk, J.S.; Niemiller, M.L.; Casper, G.S.; Burghardt, G.M. 2008. Distinctiveness in the face of gene flow: hybridization between specialist and generalist gartersnakes. Molecular Ecology 17(18): 4107-4117.

Ford, N.B.; Killebrew, D.W. 1983. Reproductive tactics and female body size in Butler's garter snake, Thamnophis butleri. Journal of Herpetology 17(2): 271-275.

Freedman, B.; Catling, P.M. 1979. Movements of sympatric species of snakes at Amherstburg, Ontario. Canadian Field Naturalist 93(4): 399-404.

Freedman, W.; Catling, P.M. 1978. Population size and structure of four sympatric species of snakes at Amhertsburg, Ontario. Canadian Field Naturalist 92(2): 167-173.

Gray, B.S. 2012. Natural history notes: Thamnophis butleri (Butler's Gartersnake). Morphology. Herpetological Review 43(2): 351.

Herzog, H.A.; Burghardt, G.M. 1986. Development of antipredator responses in snakes: 1. Defensive and open-field behaviors in newborns and adults of three species of garter snakes (Thamnophis melanogaster, T. sirtalis, T. butleri). Journal of Comparative Psychology 100(4): 372-379.

Joppa, L.N.; Temple, S.A. 2005. Use of upland habitat by Butler's gartersnake (Thamnophis butleri). Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 40(12): 221-227.

Joppa, L.N.; Williams, C.K.; Temple, S.A.; Casper, G.S. 2010. Environmental factors affecting sampling success of artificial cover objects. Herpetological Conservation and Biology 5(1): 143-148.

Kamel, S.; Gatten, R.E. 1983. Aerobic and anaerobic activity metabolism of limbless and fossorial reptiles. Physiological Zoology 56(3): 419-429.

Kapfer, J.M.; Doehler, K.; Hay, R. 2013. The influence of habitat type and the presence of an invasive wetland plant (Phalaris arundinacea) on capture rates of sympatric rare and Common Gartersnake species (Thamnophis butleri and Thamnophis sirtalis). Journal of Herpetology 47(1): 126-130.

Kapfer, J.M.; Katovich, K.; Schuurman, G.W.; Paloski, R.A.; Sloss, B.L. 2013. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis butleri (Butler's Gartersnake). Herpetological Review 44(2): 276.

Kapfer, J.M.; Sloss, B.L.; Schuurman, G.W.; Paloski, R.A.; Lorch, J.M. 2013. Evidence of hybridization between Common Gartersnakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) and Butler's Gartersnakes (Thamnophis butleri) in Wisconsin, USA. Journal of Herpetology 47(3): 400-405.

Logier, E.B.S. 1939. Butler's gartersnake, Thamnophis butleri, in Ontario. Copeia 1939: 20-23.

McBride, B. 1967. Notes on three rare Ontario snakes. Bull. Can. Amph. Rept. Conserv. Soc. 5(6): 1-3.

Minton, S.A. 1980. Thamnophis butleri. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 258: 1-2.

Mutschmann, F. 1992. Zwei terrestrische Strumpfbandnattern im Terrarium. Thamnophis butleri und T. ordinoides. DATZ (Die Aquarien- und Terrarien-Zeitschrift) 45(6): 372-374.

Noble, D.W.A.; Choquette, J.D.; Placyk, J.S.; Brooks, R.J. 2013. Population genetic structure of the endangered Butler's Gartersnake (Thamnophis butleri): does the Short-headed Gartersnake (Thamnophis brachystoma) exist in Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology 91(11): 810-819.

Placyk, J.S.; Fitzpatrick, B.M.; Casper, G.S.; Small, R.L.; Graham, R.R.; Noble, D.W.A.; Brooks, R.J.; Burghardt, G.M. 2012. Hybridization between two gartersnake species (Thamnophis) of conservation concern: a threat or an important natural interaction. Conservation Genetics 13(3): 649-663.

Ruthven, A.G. 1904. Butler's Garter Snake. Biological Bulletin 7: 289-299.

Ruthven, A.G. 1912. On the breeding habits of Butler's gartersnake. Biological Bulletin (Woods Hole) 24: 18-20.

Schueler, F.W.; Westell, P.A. 1976. Thamnophis butleri (Butler's Garter Snake). Herpetological Review 7(4): 180.

Smith, A.G. 1945. The status of Thamnophis butleri Cope, and a re-description of Thamnophis brachystoma (Cope). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 58: 147-154.

Steehouder, A.M. 1983. Breeding results. Thamnophis radix butleri X Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis. Litteratura Serpentium 3(5): 169-170.

Stejneger, L.H. 1895. Notes on Butler's Garter Snake. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 17: 593-594.

Test, F.H. 1958. Butler's Garter Snake eats amphibian. Copeia 1958: 151.

Witten, A.C. 1960. A record brood of Thamnophis butleri. Journal Ohio Herpetological Society 2(4): 30.

Thamnophis chrysocephalus

Davis, W.B.; Dixon, J.R. 1959. Snakes of the Chilpancingo region, Mexico. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 72: 79-92.

Mata-Silva, V.; DeSantis, D.L.; García-Padilla, E.; Wilson, L.D. 2015. Nature notes: Comments on the natural history of the rare salamander Pseudoeurycea conanti (Caudata: Plethodontidae) and the snake Thamnophis chrysocephalus (Squamata: Natricidae) from Oaxaca, Mexico. Nature notes. Mesoamerican Herpetology 2(4): 533-535.

Shannon, F.A. 1951. Notes on a herpetological collection from Oaxaca and other localities in Mexico. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 101: 465-484.

Taylor, E.H. 1940. Two new snakes of the genus Thamnophis from Mexico. Herpetologica 1940(1): 183-189.

Thamnophis conanti

Rossman, D.A.; Burbrink, F.T. 2005. Species limits within the Mexican Garter Snakes of the Thamnophis godmani complex. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural Science Louisiana State University 79: 1-44.

Thamnophis copei

Rossman, D.A. 1985. Geographic distribution: Adelophis copei. Herpetological Review 16(3): 84.

Thamnophis couchii

Alfaro, M.E. 2002. Forward attack modes of aquatic feeding garter snakes. Functional Ecology 16(2): 204-215.

Alfaro, M.E. 2003. Sweeping and striking: A kinematic study of the trunk during prey capture in three thamnophiine snakes. Journal of Experimental Biology 206(14): 2381-2392.

Britt, E.J.; Bennett, A.F. 2008. The energetic advantages of slug specialization in garter snakes (genus Thamnophis). Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 81(3): 247-254.

Brodie, E.D., III; Feldman, C.R.; Hanifin, C.T.; Motychak, J.E.; Mulcahy, D.G.; Williams, B.L.; Brodie, E.D., Jr. 2005. Parallel arms races between garter snakes and newts involving tetrodotoxin as the phenotypic interface of coevolution. Journal of Chemical Ecology 31(2): 343-356.

Fitch, H.S. 1984. Thamnophis couchii. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 351: 1-3.

Germano, D.J.; Smith, P.T. 2010. Molecular evidence for parthenogenesis in the Sierra Garter Snake, Thamnophis couchii (Colubridae). Southwestern Naturalist 55(2): 280-282.

Hansen, R.W. 2002. Natural history notes: Thamnophis couchii (Sierra Garter Snake). Maximum size and record litter size. Herpetological Review 33(2): 142.

Jaksic, F.M.; Greene, H.W. 1984. Empirical evidence of non-correlation between tail loss frequency and predation intensity on lizards. Oikos 42(3): 407-411.

Motychak, J.E.; Brodie, E.D.; Brodie, E.D. 1999. Evolutionary response of predators to dangerous prey: preadaptation and the evolution of tetrodotoxin resistance in garter snakes. Evolution 53(5): 1528-1535.

Panik, H.R.; Barrett, S. 1994. Distribution of amphibians and reptiles along the Truckee River System. Northwest Science 68(3): 197-204.

Rossman, D.A.; Stewart, G.R. 1987. Taxonomic reevaluation of Thamnophis couchii (Serpentes: Colubridae). Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology Louisiana State University 63: 1-25.

Schaeffel, F.; Queiroz, A. de 1990. Alternative mechanisms of enhanced underwater vision in the garter snakes Thamnophis melanogaster and T. couchii. Copeia 1990(1): 50-58.

Shannon, F.A. 1951. Notes on a herpetological collection from Oaxaca and other localities in Mexico. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 101: 465-484.

Wiseman, K.D. 2014. Natural history notes: Thamnophis couchii (Sierra Gartersnake). Predation. Herpetological Review 45(3): 520.

Wiseman, K.D.; Bettaso, J. 2007. Natural history notes: Rana boylii (Foothill Yellow-legged Frog). Cannibalism and predation. Herpetological Review 38(2): 193.

Wiseman, K.D.; Marlow, K.R.; Minton, J.S.; Herman, A.E. 2007. Natural history notes: Thamnophis couchii (Sierra Gartersnake). Predation. Herpetological Review 38(3): 344-345.

Wiseman, K.D.; Pool, A.C. 2007. Natural history notes: Thamnophis couchii (Sierra Gartersnake). Predator-prey interaction. Herpetological Review 38(3): 344.

Thamnophis cyrtopsis

Abbadie Bisogno, K.; Oliver-Lopez, L.; Ramirez-Bautista, A. 2003. Natural history notes: Thamnophis cyrtopsis collaris (black-necked garter snake). Diet. Herpetological Review 34(1): 74.

Boback, S.; Montgomery, C.; Hobert, J.; Bergman, E.; Hill, B.; Mackessy, S.P. 1996. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis cyrtopsis crytopsis [cyrtopsis] (Blackneck Garter Snake). Herpetological Review 27(4): 215.

Bridges, A.; Nowak, E.M. 2012. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis cyrtopsis (Black-necked Garter Snake). Herpetological Review 43(2): 309.

Buus, T.C. 1983. Herpetological records from northwestern Arizona. Herpetological Review 14(2): 53-54.

Chrapliwy, P.S.; Fugler, C.M. 1955. Amphibians and reptiles collected in Mexico in the summer of 1953. Herpetologica 11: 121-128.

Contreras, B.A.J.; Trevino-Saldana, C.H. 1987. Notas sobre predacion de Aves en reptiles. Southwestern Naturalist 32(4): 505-506.

Davis, W.B.; Dixon, J.R. 1959. Snakes of the Chilpancingo region, Mexico. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 72: 79-92.

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Shannon, F.A. 1951. Notes on a herpetological collection from Oaxaca and other localities in Mexico. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 101: 465-484.

Snow, N.P.; Vercauteren, K.C.; Lavelle, M.J.; Glow, M.P.; Engeman, R.M. 2017. Natural history notes: Pituophis catenifer sayi (Bullsnake). and Thamnophis elegans (Western Terrestrial Gartersnake). Diet and predation. Herpetological Review 48(2): 458.

Soderquist, T.R.; Middlebrook, N.R. 1984. New herpetological records from Arizona north of the Grand Canyon. Herpetological Review 15(4): 115.

Sparkman, A.M.; Arnold, S.J.; Bronikowski, A.M. 2007. An empirical test of evolutionary theories for reproductive senescence and reproductive effort in the garter snake Thamnophis elegans. Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Sciences Series B 274(1612): 943-950.

Sparkman, A.M.; Bronikowski, A.M.; Billings, J.G.; Borstel, D. von; Arnold, S.J. 2013. Avian predation and the evolution of life histories in the garter snake Thamnophis elegans. American Midland Naturalist 170(1): 66-85.

Sparkman, A.M.; Bronikowski, A.M.; Williams, S.; Parsai, S.; Manhart, W.; Palacios, M.G. 2014. Physiological indices of stress in wild and captive garter snakes: Correlations, repeatability, and ecological variation. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular & Integrative Physiology 174: 11-17.

Sparkman, A.M.; Palacios, M.G. 2009. A test of life-history theories of immune defence in two ecotypes of the garter snake, Thamnophis elegans. Journal of Animal Ecology 78(6): 1242-1248.

Stevenson, R.D.; Peterson, C.R.; Tsuji, J.S. 1985. The thermal dependence of locomotion, tongue flicking, digestion, and oxygen consumption in the Wandering Garter Snake. Physiological Zoology 58(1): 46-57.

Storm, R.M.; Ferguson, D.E. 1955. An unusual food item of the wandering garter snake. Herpetologica 11: 48.

Stuart, J.N. 1987. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis elegans vagrans (Wandering Garter Snake). Herpetological Review 18(1): 21.

Sullivan, B.K.; Sullivan, K.O. 2012. Natural history notes: Thamnophis elegans (Terrestrial Gartersnake). Defensive behavior. Herpetological Review 43(1): 153-154.

Szaro, R.C.; Belfit, S.C.; Aitkin, J.K.; Rinne, J.N. 1985. Impact of grazing on a riparian garter snake. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM 120: 359-363.

Tanner, W.V. 1950. Variation in the scale and color pattern of the wandering garter snake, in Utah and southern Idaho. Herpetologica 6: 194-196.

Tanner, W.W. 1949. Food of the wandering garter snake, Thamnophis elegans vagrans (Baird & Girard) in Utah. Herpetologica 5(4): 86-86.

Tanner, W.W. 1958. Herpetology of Glen Canyon of the Upper Colorado River Basin. Herpetologica 14: 193-193.

Tanner, W.W. 1966. An albino wandering garter snake. Proceedings of the Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters 43: 163.

Turner, F.B. 1954. Thamnophis e. vagrans gartersnake, encounter with an Ambystoma. Yellowstone Nature Notes 1952: 5, 57, 59.

Vest, D.K. 1981. The toxic Duvernoy's secretion of the Wandering Garter Snake, Thamnophis elegans vagrans. Toxicon 19(6): 831-839.

Waye, H.L. 1999. Size and age structure of a population of western terrestrial garter snakes (Thamnophis elegans). Copeia 1999(3): 819-823.

Weaver, R.E. 2004. Natural history notes: Thamnophis elegans (Western Terrestrial Garter Snake). Predation. Herpetological Review 35(3): 278.

Weaver, R.E.; Bauer, B.A.; McEwen, D.C.; Weaver, K.S.; Clark, W.H. 2010. Diet and foraging behavior of the Terrestrial Gartersnake (Thamnophis elegans) along a stream within the shrub-steppe of central Washington state. Northwestern Naturalist 91(3): 309-317.

Weaver, R.E.; Clark, W.H.; McEwen, D.C. 2012. Prey chemical discrimination by the Desert Nightsnake (Hypsiglena chlorophaea): a comparison of invertebrate and vertebrate prey. Journal of Herpetology 46(4): 523-526.

Weaver, R.E.; Kardong, K.V. 2009. Microhabitat and prey odor selection in Hypsiglena chlorophaea. Copeia 2009(3): 475-482.

Webb, R.G. 1976. A review of the garter snake Thamnophis elegans in Mexico. Contributions in Science (Los Angeles) 284: 1-13.

Wente, W.H.; Phillips, J.B. 2005. Microhabitat selection by the Pacific treefrog, Hyla regilla. Animal Behaviour 70(2): 279-287.

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Wilson, J.S.; Gall, B.G. 2011. Natural history notes: Thamnophis elegans (Terrestrial Gartersnake). Feeding behavior, prey subjugation by drowning. Herpetological Review 42(1): 103.

Wirsing, A.J.; Roth, J.D.; Murray, D.L. 2005. Can prey use dietary cues to distinguish predators? A test involving three terrestrial amphibians. Herpetologica 61(2): 104-110.

Wise, C.J.; Biegel, P.A.; Linnell, D. 2008. Natural history notes: Thamnophis elegans (Western Terrestrial Gartersnake). Elevation. Herpetological Review 39(3): 360.

Thamnophis eques

Barragán-Ramírez, J.L.; Ascencio-Arrayga, J.J. 2013. Natural history notes: Thamnophis eques megalops (Northern Mexican Gartersnake). Predation. Herpetological Review 44(1): 158-159.

Bradley, G.L. 1986. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis eques (Mexican Garter Snake). Herpetological Review 17(3): 67.

Brumwell, M.J. 1939. Variation in the snake Thamnophis macrostemma Kennicott. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Sciences 42: 423-429.

Chrapliwy, P.S.; Fugler, C.M. 1955. Amphibians and reptiles collected in Mexico in the summer of 1953. Herpetologica 11: 121-128.

Conant, R. 1961. Comments on the distribution of Natrix and Thamnophis eques in Mexico. Journal Ohio Herpetological Society 3(2): 27.

Conant, R. 1963. Semiaquatic snakes of the genus Thamnophis from the isolated drainage system of the Rio Nazas and adjacent areas in Mexico. Copeia 1963: 473-499.

Conant, R. 2003. Observations on garter snakes of the Thamnophis eques complex in the lakes of Mexico's transvolcanic belt, with descriptions of new taxa. American Museum Novitates 3406: 1-64.

Cotten, T.B.; Miller, J.D.; Grandmaison, D.D. 2013. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis eques (Mexican Gartersnake). USA: Arizona: Mohave Co. / La Paz Co. border. Herpetological Review 44(1): 111.

d'Orgeix, C.A.; Mathies, T.; Ellison, B.L.; Johnson, K.L.; Monagan, I.V.; Young, T.A. 2013. Northern Mexican Gartersnakes, Thamnophis eques megalops, feeding on Spea multiplicata in an ephemeral pond. Herpetological Review 44(2): 213-215.

Emmons, I.D.; Nowak, E.M.; Lauger, K.K. 2016. Prey availability and foraging events of the northern Mexican garternakes (Thamnophis eques megalops) in north-central Arizona. Herpetological Review 47(4): 555-561.

Emmons, I.D.; Nowak, E.M.; Theimer, T.C. 2016. Natural history notes: Thamnophis eques megalops (Northern Mexican Gartersnake). Predation. Herpetological Review 47(3): 485-486.

Garcia, C.M.; Drummond, H. 1988. Seasonal and ontogenetic variation in the diet of the Mexican Garter Snake, Thamnophis eques, in Lake Tecocomulco, Hidalgo. Journal of Herpetology 22(2): 129-134.

Goldberg, S.R. 2004. Notes on reproduction of the Mexican Garter Snake, Thamnophis eques (Serpentes: Colubridae), from Mexico. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 97(2): 129-134.

Grant, C.; Smith, H.M. 1960. Herpetozoa from Jalisco, Mexico. Herpetologica 16: 39-43.

Kelehear, C. 2013. Natural history notes: Thamnophis eques (Mexican Gartersnake). Mortality. Herpetological Review 44(1): 158.

Lara-Gongora, G. 1986. New distributional records for some Mexican reptiles and amphibians. Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 22(2): 62-67.

Lester, M.B.; Swackhamer, J.B. 2015. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis eques megalops (Brown Gartersnake). Herpetological Review 46(4): 577.

Lizarraga-Valencia, A.; Casas-Andreu, G.; Vergara-Iglesias, A. 2015. Natural history notes: Thamnophis eques (Mexican Gartersnake). Maximum size. Herpetological Review 46(4): 652-653.

Manjarrez, J. 1998. Ecology of the Mexican Garter Snake (Thamnophis eques) in Toluca, Mexico. Journal of Herpetology 32(3): 464-468.

Manjarrez, J.; Contreras-Garduno, J.; Krzysztof, J.M. 2014. Sexual size dimorphism, diet, and reproduction in the Mexican Garter Snake, Thamnophis eques. Herpetological Conservation and Biology 9(1): 163-169.

Manjarrez, J.; Macías García, C. 1993. Variación morfológica intrapoblacional en la culebra de agua Thamnophis eques. Boletin de la Sociedad Herpetologica Mexicana 5(1): 1-5.

Manjarrez, J.; Macias García, C.; Drummond, H. 2017. Morphological convergence in a Mexican garter snake associated with the ingestion of a novel prey. Ecology and Evolution 7(18): 7178-7186

Manjarrez, J.; San-Roman-Apolonio, E. 2015. Timing of birth and body condition in neonates of two Gartersnake species from Central México. Herpetologica 71(1): 12-18.

Myers, G.S. 1932. A neglected description of a Mexican gartersnake, Thamnophis stejnegeri McLain. Copeia 1932: 35.

Nowak, E.M.; Boyarski, V.L. 2012. Natural history notes: Thamnophis eques megalops (Northern Mexican Gartersnake). Reproduction: litter size. Herpetological Review 43(2): 351-352.

Porras, L.W.; Wilson, L.D. 2015. Nature notes: Thamnophis eques. Antipredator behavior. Mesoamerican Herpetology 2(1): 123–125.

Price, A.H. 1980. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis eques megalops. Herpetological Review 11(2): 39.

Queiroz, A. de; Smith, H.M. 1996. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis eques (Mexican Garter Snake). Herpetological Review 27(3): 155.

Smith, H.M. 1940. Descriptions of new lizards and snakes from Mexico and Guatemala. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 53: 55-64.

Smith, H.M. 1949. The identity of Coluber subcarinata Gray. Herpetologica 5(3): 63-64.

Smith, H.M. 1951. The identity of the ophidian name Coluber eques Reuss. Copeia 1951: 138-140.

Soria-Díaz, L.; Domínguez-Vega, H.; Gómez-Ortíz, Y.; Manjarrez, J.; Rubio-Blanco, T.; Mundo-Hernández, V.; Pérez-Almazán, C. 2015. Natural history notes: Thamnophis scalaris (Mexican Alpine Blotched Gartersnake) and T. eques (Mexican Gartersnake). Predator-prey relationships. Herpetological Review 46(1): 109.

Suárez-Varón, G.; Suárez-Rodríguez, O.; Chávez-Siles, D.; Pérez-Arriaga, F.; Andrade-Soto, G.; Aguilar-Isaac, L.; Cancino-Quezadas, N.; Hernández-Gallegos, O. 2016. Natural history notes: Thamnophis eques (Mexican Gartersnake). Maximum size. Herpetological Review 47(3): 485.

Sullivan, K.O.; Miller, J.D.; Cotton, T.B.; Leavitt, D.J.; Grabowsky, E.R.; Peck, R.; Ammon, W. 2016. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis eques (Mexican Gartersnake). Herpetological Review 47(1): 84-85.

Taylor, E.H. 1940. Two new snakes of the genus Thamnophis from Mexico. Herpetologica 1940(1): 183-189.

Venegas Barrera, C.S.; Manjarrez, J. 2001. Natural history notes: Thamnophis eques (Mexican Garter Snake) and Thamnophis scalaris (Mexican Alpine Blotched Garter Snake). Predator/prey. Herpetological Review 32(3): 187.

Wallace, E. 2002. Herpetofauna of the 100 mile circle. Northern Mexican Garter Snake (Thamnophis eques megalops). Sonoran Herpetologist 15(10): 116.

Wallace, J.E.; Brauman, R.J.; Windes, J.; Burger, W.P.; Nigro, E.J.; Brennan, T.C.; Holycross, A.T. 2008. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis eques (Mexican Gartersnake). Herpetological Review 39(2): 243-244.

Wilson, L.D.; McCranie, J.R. 1979. Notes on the herpetofauna of two mountain ranges in Mexico (Sierra Fría, Aguascalientes, and Sierra Morones, Zacatecas). Journal of Herpetology 13(3): 271-278.

Young, M.E.; Boyarski, V.L. 2012. Natural history notes: Thamnophis eques megalops (Northern Mexican Gartersnake). Diet and mortality. Herpetological Review 43(3): 498.

Zweifel, R.G.; Norris, K.S. 1955. Contribution to the herpetology of Sonora, Mexico: descriptions of new subspecies of snakes (Micruroides euryxanthus and Lampropeltis getulus) and miscellaneous collecting notes. American Midland Naturalist 54: 230-249.

Thamnophis errans

Bryson, R.W.; Lazcano, D. 2001. Natural history notes: Thamnophis errans (Mexican Wandering Gartersnake). Diet. Herpetological Review 32(4): 265.

Webb, R.G. 1975. A review of the Mexican wandering garter snake, Thamnophis elegans errans Smith. Herpetological Review 6(3): 74.

Webb, R.G. 1976. A review of the garter snake Thamnophis elegans in Mexico. Contributions in Science (Los Angeles) 284: 1-13.

Thamnophis exsul

Liner, E. 1992. Thamnophis exsul. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 549: 1-2.

Rossman, D.A. 1969. A new natricine snake of the genus Thamnophis from northern Mexico. Occasional Papers Museum of Zoology Louisiana State University 39: 1-4.

Rossman, D.A.; Liner, F.A.; Trevino, C.H.; Chaney, A.H. 1989. Redescription of the garter snake Thamnophis exsul Rossman, 1969 (Serpentes: Colubridae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 102(2): 507-514.

Thamnophis foxi

Rossman, D.A.; Blaney, R.M. 1968. A new natricine snake of the genus Adelophis from western Mexico. Occasional Papers Museum of Zoology Louisiana State University 35: 1-12.

Thamnophis fulvus

Eisermann, K.; Avendaño, C.; Acevedo, M.; Esteban, M. 2016. Miscellaneous notes: Elevational range extension and new habitat for Thamnophis fulvus (Bocourt, 1893) (Squamata: Natricidae). Mesoamerican Herpetology 3(4): 1094-1097.

Hidalgo, H. 1981. Additions to the snake fauna of El Salvador. Herpetological Review 12(2): 67-68.

Ketzler, L.P.; Luque-Montes, I.R.; Cerrato-Mendoza, C.A.; Wilson, L.D.; Townsend, J.H. 2011. Natural history notes: Thamnophis fulvus (Central American Highland Gartersnake). Diet. Herpetological Review 42(1): 103.

Webb, R.G. 1982. Taxonomic status of some Neotropical garter snakes (genus Thamnophis). Bulletin Southern California Academy of Sciences 81(1): 26-40.

Thamnophis gigas

Carpenter, N.M.; Casazza, M.L.; Wylie, G.D. 2002. Natural history notes: Rana catesbeiana (Bullfrog). Diet. Herpetological Review 33(2): 130.

Coates, P.S.; Wylie, G.D.; Halstead, B.J.; Casazza, M.L. 2009. Using time-dependent models to investigate body condition and growth rate of the giant gartersnake. Journal of Zoology (London) 279(3): 285-293.

Dickert, C. 2005. Giant garter snake surveys at some areas of historic occupation in the Grassland Ecological Area, Merced Co. and Mendota Wildlife Area, Fresno Co., California. California Fish and Game 91(4): 255-269.

Fisher, R.; Hansen, G.; Hansen, R.W.; Stewart, G. 1994. Giant Garter Snake. pp. 284-287. In: Thelander, C.G. & Crabtree, M. (eds.): Life on the edge: a guide to California's endangered natural resources: wildlife. Biosystems Books, Santa Cruz, California. 550 pp.

Fulton, A.M.; Muñoz, D.A. 2018. Natural history notes: Thamnophis gigas (Giant Gartersnake). Diet. Herpetological Review 49(4): 764-765.

Halstead, B.J.; Wylie, G.D.; Casazza, M.L. 2010. Habitat suitability and conservation of the Giant Gartersnake (Thamnophis gigas) in the Sacramento Valley of California. Copeia 2010(4): 591-599.

Halstead, B.J.; Wylie, G.D.; Casazza, M.L. 2013. Efficacy of trap modifications for increasing capture rates of aquatic snakes in floating aquatic funnel traps. Herpetological Conservation and Biology 8(1): 65-74.

Halstead, B.J.; Wylie, G.D.; Casazza, M.L. 2014. Ghost of habitat past: historic habitat affects the contemporary distribution of giant garter snakes in a modified landscape. Animal Conservation 17(2): 144-153.

Halstead, B.J.; Wylie, G.D.; Casazza, M.L. 2015. Literature review of Giant Gartersnake (Thamnophis gigas) biology and conservation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1150. 38 pp.

Halstead, B.J.; Wylie, G.D.; Casazza, M.L.; Coates, P.S. 2011. Temporal and maternal effects on reproductive ecology of the Giant Gartersnake (Thamnophis gigas). Southwestern Naturalist 56(1): 29-34.

Halstead, B.J.; Wylie, G.D.; Coates, P.S.; Valcarcel, P.; Casazza, M.L. 2012. Bayesian shared frailty models for regional inference about wildlife survival. Animal Conservation 15(2): 117-124.

Hansen, E.C.; Scherer, R.D.; Fleishman, E.; Dickson, B.G.; Krolick, D. 2017. Relations between environmental attributes and contemporary occupancy of threatened Giant Gartersnakes (Thamnophis gigas). Journal of Herpetology 51(2): 274–283.

Hansen, E.C.; Scherer, R.D.; White, G.C.; Dickson, B.G.; Fleishman, E. 2015. Estimates of survival probability from two populations of Giant Gartersnakes in California’s Great Central Valley. Copeia 103(4): 1026-1036.

Hansen, R.W.; Hansen, G.E. 1990. Life history notes: Thamnophis gigas (Giant Garter Snake). Reproduction. Herpetological Review 21(4): 93-94.

McKeown, S.; Hanley, G.H. 2003. Observations on giant garter snakes (Thamnophis gigas) in the southern San Joaquin Valley, California. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 38(2): 32.

Paquin, M.M.; Wylie, G.D.; Routman, E.J. 2006. Population structure of the giant garter snake, Thamnophis gigas. Conservation Genetics 7(1): 25-36.

Rightmire, J.E. 2001. Some threatened U.S. snakes: five species on the red list. Reptile & Amphibian Hobbyist 6(10): 27-32.

Rose, J.P.; Halstead, B.J.; Wylie, G.D.; Casazza, M.L. 2018. Spatial and temporal variability in growth of Giant Gartersnakes: plasticity, precipitation, and prey. Journal of Herpetology 52(1): 40-49.

Shannon, F.A. 1951. Notes on a herpetological collection from Oaxaca and other localities in Mexico. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 101: 465-484.

Smallwood, K.S. 2001. Linking habitat restoration to meaningful units of animal demography. Restoration Ecology 9(3): 253-261.

Wood, D.A.; Halstead, B.J.; Casazza, M.L.; Hansen, E.C.; Wylie, G.D.; Vandergast, A.G. 2015. Defining population structure and genetic signatures of decline in the Giant Gartersnake (Thamnophis gigas): implications for conserving threatened species within highly altered landscapes. Conservation Genetics 16(5): 1025-1039.

Wylie, G.D.; Casazza, M.L.; Carpenter, M. 2003. Diet of Bullfrogs in relation to predation on giant garter snakes at Colusa National Wildlife Refuge. California Fish and Game 89(3): 139-145.

Wylie, G.D.; Casazza, M.L.; Gregory, C.J.; Halstead, B.J. 2010. Abundance and sexual size dimorphism of the Giant Gartersnake (Thamnophis gigas) in the Sacramento Valley of California. Journal of Herpetology 44(1): 94-103.

Wylie, G.D.; Casazza, M.L.; Halstead, B.J.; Gregory, C.J. 2009. Sex, season, and time of day interact to affect body temperatures of the giant gartersnake. Journal of Thermal Biology 34(4): 183-189.

Wylie, G.D.; Casazza, M.L.; Martin, L.L. 2004. Monitoring giant garter snakes in the Natomas basin: 2003 results. USGS Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon. 55 pp.

Wylie, G.D.; Hothem, R.L.; Bergen, D.R.; Martin, L.L.; Taylor, R.J.; Brussee, B.E. 2009. Metals and trace elements in giant garter snakes (Thamnophis gigas) from the Sacramento Valley, California, USA. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 56(3): 577-587.

Young, M.E.; Boyarski, V.L. 2013. Natural history notes: Thamnophis gigas (Giant Gartersnake). Movement. Herpetological Review 44(1): 159-160.

Thamnophis godmani

Bryson, R.W.; Lazcano, D. 2004. Natural history notes: Thamnophis godmani (Godman's Garter Snake). Diet. Herpetological Review 35(1): 73-74.

Davis, W.B.; Dixon, J.R. 1959. Snakes of the Chilpancingo region, Mexico. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 72: 79-92.

Rossman, D.A.; Burbrink, F.T. 2005. Species limits within the Mexican Garter Snakes of the Thamnophis godmani complex. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural Science Louisiana State University 79: 1-44.

Thamnophis hammondii

Dominguez-Torres, J.; Mellink, E. 2003. Invasive aquatic animals and possible effects on native frogs and toads in Mediterranean Baja California. Bulletin Southern California Academy of Sciences 102(2): 89-95.

Dunn, S.J. 2004. Foraging and prey handling behaviors of the generalist Thamnophis hammondii offered various prey types. Bios (Florence) 75(2): 58-64.

Ely, E. 1992. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis hammondii (Two-striped Garter Snake). Herpetological Review 23(4): 124-125.

Ervin, E.L.; Fisher, R.N. 2001. Natural history notes: Thamnophis hammondii (Two-striped Garter Snake). Prey. Herpetological Review 32(4): 265-266.

Ervin, E.L.; Fisher, R.N. 2007. Natural history notes: Thamnophis hammondii (Two-striped Gartersnake). Foraging behavior. Herpetological Review 38(3): 345-346.

Ervin, E.L.; Mullin, S.J.; Warburton, M.A.L.; Fisher, R.N. 2003. Natural history notes: Thamnophis hammondii (Two-striped Garter Snake). Prey. Herpetological Review 34(1): 74-75.

Foster, C.D.; Mullin, S.J. 2008. Speed and endurance of Thamnophis hammondii are not affected by consuming the toxic frog Xenopus laevis. Southwestern Naturalist 53(3): 370-373.

Hayes, F.E.; Baker, W.S. 1986. Life history notes: Thamnophis couchi hammondi (Two Striped Garter Snake). Behavior. Herpetological Review 17(1): 22-23.

Hovey, T.E.; Bergen, D.R. 2003. Natural history notes: Rana catesbeiana (Bullfrog). Predation. Herpetological Review 34(4): 360-361.

Luja, V.H.; Rodríguez-Estrella, R.; Sinervo, B. 2013. [Observations on the diet of the Two-striped Garter Snake Thamnophis hammondii in an oasis of Baja California Sur, Mexico]. (In Spanish). Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 84(2): 697-700.

Marvel, B.; Marvel, D.M. 1974. Comments on the identity of a 'blue' Thamnophis from Maryland. Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 9(1): 10-12.

McGuire, J.A. 1989. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis hammondii hammondii (Hammond Two-striped Garter Snake). Herpetological Review 20(3): 76.

McGuire, J.A.; Grismer, L.L. 1993. The taxonomy and biogeography of Thamnophis hammondii and T. digueti (Reptilia: Squamata: Colubridae) in Baja California, Mexico. Herpetologica 49(3): 354-365.

Mullin, S.J.; Imbert, H.; Fish, J.M.; Ervin, E.L.; Fisher, R.N. 2004. Snake (Colubridae: Thamnophis) predatory responses to chemical cues from native and introduced prey species. Southwestern Naturalist 49(4): 449-456.

Pequegnat, W.E. 1951. The biota of the Santa Ana Mountains. Journal Ent. Zool. 42: 1-84.

Rightmire, J.E. 2001. Some threatened U.S. snakes: five species on the red list. Reptile & Amphibian Hobbyist 6(10): 27-32.

Rodriguez-Robles, J.A.; Galina-Tessaro, P. 2006. Natural history notes: Thamnophis hammondii (Two-striped Gartersnake). Diet. Herpetological Review 37(3): 355.

Shannon, F.A. 1951. Notes on a herpetological collection from Oaxaca and other localities in Mexico. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 101: 465-484.

Thamnophis lineri

Rossman, D.A.; Burbrink, F.T. 2005. Species limits within the Mexican Garter Snakes of the Thamnophis godmani complex. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural Science Louisiana State University 79: 1-44.

Thamnophis marcianus

Brattstrom, B.H. 1951. Two additions to the herpetofauna of Baja California, Mexico. Herpetologica 7: 196.

Burkett, D.W.; Black, D. 2003. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis marcianus (Checkered Gartersnake). Herpetological Review 34(4): 391.

Carbajal-Márquez, R.A.; González-Saucedo, Z.Y.; Quintero-Díaz, G.E.; Martin, L. 2013. Natural history notes: Lampropeltis splendida (Desert Kingsnake). Diet. Herpetological Review 44(4): 692.

Crunden, R.M. 1991. The maintenance and breeding of the chequered garter snake, Thamnophis marcianus. Snake Breeder 2: 3-5.

Dunn, E.R. 1940. Notes on some American lizards and snakes in the Museum of Goteborg. Herpetologica 1940(1): 189-194.

Dunn, E.R.; Stuart, L.C. 1951. Comments on some recent restrictions of type localities of certain South and Central American amphibians and reptiles. Copeia 1951(1): 55-61.

Ford, N.B.; Cobb, V. 1992. Timing of courtship in two colubrid snakes of the southern United States. Copeia 1992(2): 573-577.

Ford, N.B.; Karges, J.P. 1987. Reproduction in the checkered garter snake, Thamnophis marcianus, from southern Texas and northeastern Mexico: seasonality and evidence for multiple clutches. Southwestern Naturalist 32(1): 93-101.

Ford, N.B.; O'Bleness, M.L. 1986. Species and sexual specificity of pheromone trails of the garter snake, Thamnophis marcianus. Journal of Herpetology 20(2): 259-262.

Ford, N.B.; Seigel, R.A. 1989. Phenotypic plasticity in reproductive traits: evidence from a viviparous snake. Ecology 70(6): 1768-1774.

Ford, N.B.; Seigel, R.A. 2015. The influence of female body size and shape on the trade-off between offspring number and offspring size in two viviparous snakes. Journal of Zoology (London) 295(2): 154-158.

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Thamnophis melanogaster

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Thamnophis mendax

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Thamnophis nigronuchalis

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Thamnophis ordinoides

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Thamnophis postremus

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Klinge, H. 1938. Einiges über Haltung und Pflege von Eutaenia proxima. Blätter für Aquarien- und Terrarienkunde (Braunschweig) 49: 115-116.

Lancaster, D.L.; Ford, N.B. 2003. Reproduction in Western Ribbon Snakes, Thamnophis proximus (Serpentes: Colubridae), from an east Texas bottomland. Texas Journal of Science 55(1): 25-32.

Lardie, R.L. 2001. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis proximus proximus (Western Ribbon Snake). USA: Oklahoma: Ellis Co. Herpetological Review 32(2): 125.

Lardie, R.L. 2001. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis proximus proximus (Western Ribbon Snake). USA: Oklahoma: Major Co. Herpetological Review 32(2): 125-126.

Lee, J.R.; Sinclair, A.L.; Narum, K.E.; Lemmons, S.C. 2014. Natural history notes: Thamnophis proximus proximus (Orange-striped Ribbonsnake). Diet. Herpetological Review 45(4): 714.

Leonard, T. 1994. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis proximus (Western Ribbon Snake). Herpetological Review 25(1): 35.

Manjarrez, J.; Macias-Garcia, C. 1992. Life history notes: Thamnophis proximus rutiloris (Western Ribbon Snake). Natural history. Herpetological Review 23(2): 61-62.

Manjarrez-Silva, F.J. 1989. Ecologia alimentica de las colubras semiacuaticas Nerodia rhombifera werleri y Thamnophis proximus rutiloris en Alvarado, Veracruz. Boletin de la Sociedad Herpetologica Mexicana 1(1): 12-14.

Mata-Silva, V.; DeSantis, D.; García-Padilla, E.; Wilson, L.D. 2015. Distribution notes: Thamnophis proximus (Say, 1823). Mesoamerican Herpetology 2(3): 360.

McAllister, C.T.; Robison, H.W.; Arbour, D. 2008. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis proximus proximus (Orange-striped Ribbonsnake). USA: Arkansas. Herpetological Review 39(4): 487.

Mccardle, L.D.; Fontenot, C.L. 2016. The influence of thermal biology on road mortality risk in snakes. Journal of Thermal Biology 56: 39-49.

McKnight, D.T.; Harmon, J.R.; McKnight, J.L.; Ligon, D.B. 2014. Notes on the diets of seven sympatric snakes in the genera Agkistrodon, Nerodia, Sistrurus, and Thamnophis. Herpetology Notes 7: 171-177.

Meer, J. van het 1988. Thamnophis, part 3: Thamnophis sauritus proximus. Litteratura Serpentium (English Edition) 8(4): 189-192.

Meer, J. van het 1991. Thamnophis sauritus proximus. Litteratura Serpentium (English Edition) 11(6): 143.

Meerman, J.C. 1978. [The western ribbon snake Thamnophis sauritus proximus in the terrarium]. (In Dutch). Lacerta 37(3): 45-49.

Motychak, J.E.; Brodie, E.D.; Brodie, E.D. 1999. Evolutionary response of predators to dangerous prey: preadaptation and the evolution of tetrodotoxin resistance in garter snakes. Evolution 53(5): 1528-1535.

Murrow, D.G. 2004. Thamnophis proximus (Western Ribbon Snake). Journal of Kansas Herpetology 11: 14.

Mutschmann, F. 1999. Beobachtungen zur natürlichen Lebensweise der Mexikanischen Bandernatter Thamnophis proximus alpinus Rossman, 1963. Sauria (Berlin) 21(4): 13-18.

Oyervides, M.; Zaidan, F. 2014. Natural history notes: Thamnophis proximus orarius (Gulf Coast Ribbonsnake). Reproduction. Herpetological Review 45(1): 149.

Pearson, L. 2016. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis proximus proximus (Orange-striped Ribbon Snake). Herpetological Review 47(4): 632.

Pilgrim, M.A.; Farrell, T.M.; May, P.G.; Vollman, M.R.; Seigel, R.A. 2011. Secondary sex ratios in six snake species. Copeia 2011(4): 553-558.

Powell, R. 1982. Life history notes: Thamnophis proximus (Western Ribbon Snake). Reproduction. Herpetological Review 13(2): 48.

Powell, R.; Laposha, N.A.; Smith, D.D.; Parmerlee, J.S. 1984. New distributional records for some semiaquatic amphibians and reptiles from the Rio Sabinas Basin, Coahuila, Mexico. Herpetological Review 15(3): 78-79.

Queiroz, A. de 2003. Testing an adaptive hypothesis through context-dependence: Effects of water depth on foraging behaviour in three species of garter snakes. Ethology 109(5): 369-384.

Resetarits, W.J. 1983. Life history notes: Thamnophis proximus proximus (Western Ribbon Snake). Food. Herpetological Review 14(3): 75.

Robison, H.W.; McAllister, C.T. 2008. Noteworthy geographic distribution records for colubrid snakes from the Arkansas Valley ecoregion of Westcentral Arkansas, USA. Herpetological Review 39(2): 244-245.

Rossman, D.A. 1961. Nomenclatural status of the neotropical subspecies of the colubrid snake, Thamnophis sauritus. Notulae Naturae (Philadelphia) 340: 1-2.

Rossman, D.A. 1962. Thamnophis proximus (Say), a valid species of garter snake. Copeia 1962: 741-748.

Rossman, D.A. 1970. Thamnophis proximus. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 98: 1-3.

Sanchez-Herrera, O.; Alvarez del Toro, M. 1980. A range extension for Thecadactylus rapicaudis (Gekkonidae) in Mexico, and notes on two snakes from Chiapas. Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 16(2): 49-51.

Shannon, F.A.; Smith, H.M. 1949. Herpetological results of the University of Illinois Field Expedition, Spring 1949. I. Introduction, Testudines, Serpentes. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Sciences 52(4): 494-509.

Sinclair, T.A.; Tipton, B.L. 2005. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis proximus (Western Ribbon Snake). Herpetological Review 36(1): 84.

Smith, H.M. 1971. The status of Wilhelm Deppe's herpetological names. Journal of Herpetology 5: 74-76.

Solís, J.M. 2018. Nature notes: Thamnophis proximus (Say, 1823). Maximum elevation in Honduras. Mesoamerican Herpetology 5(1): 169-170.

Sonnenberg, J. 2006. Baendernattern. Draco 7(1) (25): 40-49.

Tamplin, J.W. 2010. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis proximus proximus (Orange-striped Ribbonsnake). Herpetological Review 41(2): 245-246.

Thornton, O.W.; Smith, J.R. 1996. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis proximus rubrilineatus (Redstripe Ribbon Snake). Herpetological Review 27(1): 36.

Thornton, O.W.; Smith, J.R. 1996. Natural history notes: Thamnophis proximus rubrilineatus (Redstripe Ribbon Snake). Reproduction. Herpetological Review 27(4): 206.

Tinkle, D.W. 1957. Ecology, maturation and reproduction of Thamnophis sauritus proximus. Ecology 38: 69-77.

Tucker, J.K. 1995. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis proximus proximus (Western Ribbon Snake). Herpetological Review 26(1): 47.

Uneken, D. 1996. Breeding results. Thamnophis. Litteratura Serpentium (English Edition) 16(2): 52-53.

Watson, C.M. 2007. Natural history notes: Thamnophis proximus (Western Ribbon Snake). Foraging biology. Herpetological Review 38(3): 346.

Wendelken, P.W. 1978. On prey-specific hunting behavior in the western ribbon snake, Thamnophis proximus (Reptilia, Serpentes, Colubridae). Journal of Herpetology 12(4): 577-578.

Wilson, A.K. 1999. New Illinois amphibian and reptile distribution records from the Kaskaskia River drainage. Herpetological Review 30(2): 118-120.

Wilson, L.D. 1979. New departmental records for reptiles and amphibians from Honduras. Herpetological Review 10(1): 25.

Zenzal, T.J.; Selman, W. 2015. Natural history notes: Thamnophis proximus (Western Ribbonsnake). Arboreal behavior. Herpetological Review 46(4): 653.

Thamnophis pulchrilatus

Carbajal-Márquez, R.A.; González-Saucedo, Z.Y.; Quintero-Díaz, G.E. 2014. Natural history notes: Thamnophis pulchrilatus (Yellow-throated Gartersnake). Diet and defensive behavior. Herpetological Review 45(2): 344-345.

Fernandez, J.A.; Sanchez, O.; Flores-Villela, O.A. 2006. New records of amphibians and reptiles from Tlaxcala, Mexico. Acta Zoologica Mexicana Nueva Serie 22(3): 159-162.

Fernández-Badillo, L.; Jiménez-Villegas, J.L.; González-Bonilla, G.T.; Morales-Capellán, N.; Tepango-Benítez, A.H.; Ramírez-Cruz, M.B.; Hernández-Silva, D.A. 2017. Distribution notes: Thamnophis pulchrilatus (Cope, 1885). Mesoamerican Herpetology 4(4): 966-967.

Fernández-Badillo, L.; Olvera Olvera, C.R.; Valdez-Rentería, S.Y.; Torres-Angeles, F.; Goyenechea, I. 2016. Distribution notes: New records of Thamnophis pulchrilatus (Squamata: Natricidae) from the state of Hidalgo, Mexico. Mesoamerican Herpetology 3(2): 519-523.

García-Vázquez, U.O. 2008. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis pulchrilatus (Mexican Highland Gartersnake). Mexico: Tlaxcala. Herpetological Review 39(4): 487.

García-Vázquez, U.O.; Mendoza-Hernández, A.A.; Solano-Zavaleta, I. 2012. Aporte al conocimiento del tamaño de camada de Storeria storerioides (Cope, 1865) y Thamnophis pulchrilatus (Cope, 1884) en el Distrito Federal, México. Acta Zoologica Mexicana Nueva Serie 28(1): 211-214.

González-Hernández, A.; Moro-Hernández, D.M.; Cruz, J.A. 2016. Distribution and habitat use of Thamnophis pulchrilatus (Cope, 1855) in Chignahuapan, Puebla, Mexico. Acta Zoológica Mexicana (N.S.) 32(3): 390-392.

Liner, E.A.; Chaney, A.H.; Dixon, J.R.; Scudday, J.F. 1990. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis cyrtopsis pulchrilatus (NCN). Mexico: Nuevo Leon. Herpetological Review 21(2): 42.

Thamnophis radix

Adler, K.K. 1959. New records for the eastern plains garter snake in Ohio. Ohio Herpetological Society Trimonthly Report 2(1): 1 p.

Anton, T.G. 2000. Natural history notes: Thamnophis radix (Plains Garter Snake). Predation. Herpetological Review 31(1): 47.

Anton, T.G.; King, R.B.; Kleiman, B. 2013. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis radix (Plains Gartersnake). Herpetological Review 44(4): 630.

Arnold, S.J.; Bennett, A.F. 1984. Behavioural variation in natural populations. 3: Antipredator displays in the garter snake Thamnophis radix. Animal Behaviour 32(4): 1108-1118.

Arnold, S.J.; Bennett, A.F. 1988. Behavioural variation in natural populations. 5. Morphological correlates of locomotion in the garter snake (Thamnophis radix). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 34(2): 175-190.

Bailey, R.M. 1949. Temperature toleration of gartersnakes in hibernation. Ecology 30(2): 238-242.

Bavetz, M.J. 1993. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis radix radix (Eastern Plains Garter Snake). Herpetological Review 24(2): 69.

Becka, K. 2014. Saving the Plains Garter Snake. Animal Keepers' Forum 41(1): 11-13.

Becker, D. 2012. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis radix (Plains Gartersnake). USA: Minnesota: Mower Co. Herpetological Review 43(3): 450.

Begun, D.; Kubie, J.L.; O'Keefe, M.P.; Halpern, M. 1988. Conditioned discrimination of airborne odorants by garter snakes (Thamnophis radix and T. sirtalis sirtalis). Journal of Comparative Psychology 102(1): 35-43.

Brumwell, M.J. 1951. An ecological survey of the Fort Leavenworth Military Reservation. American Midland Naturalist 45(1): 187-231.

Cebula, J.J. 1983. A note on the food choices of the plains garter snake. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 18(2): 46.

Collins, S.L. 2002. Thamnophis radix (Plains Garter Snake). Journal of Kansas Herpetology 4: 14.

Conant, R.; Thomas, E.S.; Rausch, B.L. 1945. The plains garter snake, Thamnophis radix in Ohio. Copeia 1945: 61-68.

Cooper, W.E. 1992. Post-bite elevation in tongue-flick rate by neonatal garter snakes (Thamnophis radix). Ethology 91(4): 339-345.

Cox, C.L.; Farrar, E.S.; Hey, J.D.; Morrill, M.C. 2009. Cover object usage among an assemblage of Iowa snakes. Herpetological Conservation and Biology 4(1): 80-84.

Crews, D. 1980. Studies in squamate sexuality. Bioscience 30(12): 835-838.

Dalrymple, G.H.; Reichenbach, N.G. 1981. Interactions between the prairie garter snake (Thamnophis radix) and the common garter snake (T. sirtalis) in Killdeer Plains, Wyandot County, Ohio. Ohio Biological Survey Biological Notes 14: 244-250.

Dowling, H.G. 1956. Geographic relations of Ozarkian amphibians and reptiles. Southwestern Naturalist 1(4): 174-189.

Durso, A.M. 2011. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis radix (Plains Gartersnake). Herpetological Review 42(3): 396.

Dyrkacz, S. 1975. The second recorded occurrence of an albino Thamnophis radix radix (Baird and Girard). Herpetological Review 6(1): 10.

Engeman, R.M.; Engeman, I.M.; Engeman, A.N. 2002. Natural history notes: Thamnophis radix (Plains Garter Snake). Brood size. Herpetological Review 33(1): 59.

Ernst, C.H. 1989. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis radix haydenii (Western Plains Garter Snake). Herpetological Review 20(3): 76.

Fitzpatrick, B.M.; Placyk, J.S.; Niemiller, M.L.; Casper, G.S.; Burghardt, G.M. 2008. Distinctiveness in the face of gene flow: hybridization between specialist and generalist gartersnakes. Molecular Ecology 17(18): 4107-4117.

Flowers, M.A.; Graves, B.M. 1997. Juvenile toads avoid chemical cues from snake predators. Animal Behaviour 53(3): 641-646.

Ford, N.B.; Schofield, C.W. 1984. Species specificity of sex pheromone trails in the plains garter snake, Thamnophis radix. Herpetologica 40(1): 51-55.

Gardiner, L.E.; Sonmor, K.W. 2011. Major slump event at grasslands National Park snake pit in southwestern Saskatchewan. Blue Jay 69(3): 120-124.

Giovanni, M.D.; Powell, L.A.; Schacht, W.H. 2015. Habitat preference and survival for Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta) fledglings in a contiguous prairie system. Wilson Journal of Ornithology 127(2): 200-211.

Goodman, J.D. 1948. A report on the reptiles collected by J.M. Shaffer from the Keokuk Area, 1863-1895. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science 55: 365-366.

Graves, B.M.; Halpern, M. 1988. Neonate plains garter snakes (Thamnophis radix) are attracted to conspecific skin extracts. Journal of Comparative Psychology 102(3): 251-253.

Gregory, P.T. 1977. Life history observations of three species of snakes in Manitoba. Canadian Field Naturalist 91(1): 19-27.

Gregory, P.T.; Tuttle, K.N. 2016. Effects of body size and reproductive state on cover use of five species of temperate-zone natricine snakes. Herpetologica 72(1): 64-72.

Hallmen, M. 2004. Die Prärie-Strumpfbandnatter - Thamnophis radix. Natur und Tier-Verlag, Münster. 62 pp.

Hallmen, M.; Chlebowy, J. 2001. Seltene Farbformen der Prärie-Strumpfbandnatter Thamnophis radix gezüchtet. Elaphe 9(1): 18-20.

Heckrotte, C. 1962. The effect of the environmental factors in the locomotory activity of the plains garter snake (Thamnophis radix radix). Animal Behaviour 10: 193-207.

Heckrotte, C. 1975. Temperature and light effects on the circadian rhythm and locomotory activity of the plains garter snake (Thamnophis radix haydeni). Journal interdiscipl. Cycle. Res. 6(4): 279-290.

Irwin, K.J.; Collins, J.T. 2000. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis radix (Plains Garter Snake). USA: Kansas: Greenwood Co. Herpetological Review 31(1): 58.

Jadin, R.C.; King, R.B. 2012. Ontogenetic effects on snake hemipenial morphology. Journal of Herpetology 46(3): 393-395.

Jong, J. de 1986. Breeding results. Thamnophis radix. Litteratura Serpentium (English Edition) 6(2): 74.

Jordan, O.R. 1967. The occurrence of Thamnophis sirtalis and T. radix in the prairie-forest ecotone west of Itasca State Park, Minnesota. Herpetologica 23: 303-308.

King, R.B.; Bittner, T.D.; Queral Regil, A.; Cline, J.H. 1999. Sexual dimorphism in neonate and adult snakes. Journal of Zoology (London) 247(1): 19-28.

King, R.B.; Stanford, K.M. 2006. Headstarting as a management tool: a case study of the Plains Gartersnake. Herpetologica 62(3): 282-292.

Kissner, K.J.; Secoy, D.M.; Forbes, M.R. 1998. Sexual dimorphism in size of cloacal glands of the garter snake, Thamnophis radix haydeni. Journal of Herpetology 32(2): 268-270.

Knoot, T.G.; Best, L.B. 2011. A multiscale approach to understanding snake use of conservation buffer strips in an agricultural landscape. Herpetological Conservation and Biology 6(2): 191-201.

Lawson, P.A.; Secoy, D.M. 1991. The use of solar cues as migratory orientation guides by the Plains Garter Snake, Thamnophis radix. Canadian Journal of Zoology 69(10): 2700-2702.

Lingenfelter, A.R.; Geluso, K.; Drahota, J.L. 2012. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis radix (Plains Gartersnake). Herpetological Review 43(2): 309-310.

Martyn, N.T.; Smith, C.E. 2010. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis radix (Plains Gartersnake). USA: Minnesota. Herpetological Review 41(3): 383.

Marvin, H.N. 1944. Erythristic specimens of Thamnophis radix. Copeia 1943 [1944]: 127.

Matity, J.G.; Chivers, D.P.; Smith, R.J.F. 1994. Population and sex differences in antipredator responses of breeding fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) to chemical stimuli from garter snakes (Thamnophis radix and T. sirtalis). Journal of Chemical Ecology 20(8): 2111-2121.

May, D.D. 1952. Occurrence of an albino garter snake, Thamnophis radix, in Cook County, Illinois. Natural History Miscellanea 111: 1-3.

McCoy, C.J. 1976. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis radix haydeni (Western Plains Garter Snake). USA: Oklahoma: Woodward Co. Herpetological Review 7(3): 124.

McNaughton, G. 1976. Relict populations of Pituophis melanoleucus and Thamnophis radix in Illinois. Herpetological Review 7(3): 124.

Meer, J. van het 1986. My experiences with the garter snake Thamnophis radix haydeni. Lacerta 44(7): 116-117.

Meer, J. van het 1988. Thamnophis, part 4: Thamnophis radix haydeni. Litteratura Serpentium (English Edition) 8(5): 207-211.

Meyer, M.J.; Trester, K.K. 2001. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis radix (Plains Garter Snake). Herpetological Review 32(2): 126.

Morris, M.A. 1975. Variation in a population of Thamnophis radix. Bulletin Chicago Herpetological Society 10(1-2): 14-16.

Morris, M.A. 1976. A case of melanism in Thamnophis radix. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 69(1): 119-120.

Nero, R.W. 2002. Unusually large Plains Garter Snake. Blue Jay 60(3): 183.

Paloski, R.A.; Hileman, E.T.; Mayer, G.C.; Schuurman, G.W.; Kapfer, J.M. 2017. Geographic Distribution: Thamnophis radix (Plains Gartersnake). Herpetological Review 48(3): 591-592.

Pilgrim, M.A.; Farrell, T.M.; May, P.G.; Vollman, M.R.; Seigel, R.A. 2011. Secondary sex ratios in six snake species. Copeia 2011(4): 553-558.

Placyk, J.S.; Fitzpatrick, B.M.; Casper, G.S.; Small, R.L.; Graham, R.R.; Noble, D.W.A.; Brooks, R.J.; Burghardt, G.M. 2012. Hybridization between two gartersnake species (Thamnophis) of conservation concern: a threat or an important natural interaction. Conservation Genetics 13(3): 649-663.

Platvoet, H.J. 1989. Breeding results. Thamnophis radix haydeni. Litteratura Serpentium (English Edition) 9(2): 89-90.

Platvoet, H.J. 1990. Breeding results. Thamnophis radix haydeni. Litteratura Serpentium (English Edition) 10(6): 267.

Platvoet, H.J. 1991. Thamnophis radix haydeni. Litteratura Serpentium (English Edition) 11(5): 114.

Potts, R. 1995. Observations on the Eastern Plains Garter Snake, Thamnophis radix radix. Herptile 20(2): 88-91.

Powell, R.; Smith, D.D. 1983. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis radix haydeni (Western Plains Garter Snake). Herpetological Review 14(3): 85.

Quartero, H.W.P. 1982. Thamnophis radix. Litteratura Serpentium 2(1): 43.

Redmer, M. 1988. Two instances of reptile prey discarded by avian predators. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 23(2): 28.

Redmer, M.; Zaworski, J.P. 1987. Notes on two red plains garter snakes, Thamnophis radix radix, from Illinois. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 22(11): 179.

Ross, P.; Crews, D. 1978. Stimuli influencing mating behavior in the garter snake, Thamnophis radix. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 4(2): 133-142.

Royans, D. 2005. Scientific name: Thamnophis radix common name: the Plains Garter Snake. Herptile 30(1): 13-18.

Schield, D.; Waye, H. 2012. Natural history notes: Thamnophis radix (Plains Gartersnake). Defensive behavior: tonic immobility. Herpetological Review 43(2): 352.

Scudder Davis, R.M.; Burghardt, G.M. 1987. Diet and growth in juveniles of the garter snakes Thamnophis sirtalis infernalis and Thamnophis radix radix. Growth 51(1): 74-85.

Secoy, D.M. 1970. Aberrant head scalation in Thamnophis radix haydeni (Kennicott). Journal of Herpetology 4: 91-92.

Seibert, H.C.; Hagen, C.W. 1947. Studies on a population of snakes in Illinois. Copeia 1947: 6-22.

Shine, R.; Phillips, B.; Waye, H.; LeMaster, M.P.; Mason, R.T. 2004. Species-isolating mechanisms in a mating system with male mate choice (garter snakes, Thamnophis spp.). Canadian Journal of Zoology 82(7): 1091-1098.

Sights, W.P. 1949. Poisoning of snakes by the "red worm". Herpetologica 5(6): 150.

Smith, A.G. 1947. Navel closure time and age in the young of Thamnophis radix. Herpetologica 3(5): 153-154.

Smith, A.G. 1949. The subspecies of the Plains garter snake, Thamnophis radix. Bulletin of the Chicago Academy of Sciences 8(14): 285-300.

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Smith, C.E.; Zimmer, M.B. 2013. Herpetoculture notes: Thamnophis radix (Plains Gartersnake). Reproduction / litter size. Herpetological Review 44(3): 454.

Smith, H.M. 1946. Hybridization between two species of garter snakes. University of Kansas Publications of the Museum of Natural History 1(4): 97-100.

Smith, H.M.; Brown, B.C. 1946. The identity of certain specific names in Thamnophis. Herpetologica 8(3): 71-72.

Smith, H.M.; Chiszar, D. 1981. An observation on winter emergence of a garter snake, Thamnophis radix. Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 17(3): 107-110.

Stanford, K.M.; King, R.B. 2004. Growth, survival, and reproduction in a Northern Illinois population of the Plains Gartersnake, Thamnophis radix. Copeia 2004(3): 465-478.

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Terrick, T.D.; Mumme, R.L.; Burghardt, G.M. 1995. Aposematic coloration enhances chemosensory recognition of noxious prey in the garter snake Thamnophis radix. Animal Behaviour 49(4): 857-866.

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Tuttle, K.N.; Gregory, P.T. 2009. Food habits of the Plains Garter Snake (Thamnophis radix) at the northern limit of its range. Journal of Herpetology 43(1): 65-73.

Tuttle, K.N.; Gregory, P.T. 2012. Growth and maturity of a terrestrial ectotherm near its northern distributional limit: does latitude matter. Canadian Journal of Zoology 90(2): 758-765.

Tuttle, K.N.; Gregory, P.T. 2014. Reproduction of the Plains Garter Snake, Thamnophis radix, near its northern range limit: more evidence for a 'fast' life history. Copeia 2014(1): 130-135.

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Wusterbarth, T.L.; King, R.B.; Duvall, M.R.; Grayburn, W.S.; Burghardt, G.M. 2010. Phylogenetically widespread multiple paternity in New World natricine snakes. Herpetological Conservation and Biology 5(1): 86-93.

Yeager, C.P.; Burghardt, G.M. 1991. Effect of food competition on aggregation: evidence for social recognition in the Plains Garter Snake (Thamnophis radix). Journal of Comparative Psychology 105(4): 380-386.

Zwart, P.; Ham, B. van 1980. Keeping, breeding, and raising garter snakes (Thamnophis radix). pp. 81-85. In: Townson, S., Millichamp, N.J., Lucas, D.G.D. & Millwood, A.J. (eds.). The care and breeding of captive reptiles. British Herpetological Society, London. 98 pp.

Thamnophis rossmani

Conant, R. 2000. A new species of garter snake from western Mexico. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural Science Louisiana State University 76: 1-7.

Luja, V.H.; López-Solís, J.A.; Hernández López, O.A. 2016. Nature notes: Thamnophis rossmani Conant, 2000. Reproduction. Mesoamerican Herpetology 3(4): 1024-1026.

Thamnophis rufipunctatus

Alfaro, M.E. 2002. Forward attack modes of aquatic feeding garter snakes. Functional Ecology 16(2): 204-215.

Bergamini, R.R.; Christy, K.; Morton, M.; Nowak, E.M. 2017. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis rufipunctatus (Narrow-headed Gartersnake). Herpetological Review 48(1): 132.

Blais, B.R.; Lashway, S. 2018. Natural history notes: Thamnophis rufipunctatus (Narrow-headed Gartersnake). Shared refuge. Herpetological Review 49(2): 357-358.

Boundy, J. 1994. Natural history notes: Thamnophis rufipunctatus (Narrow-headed Garter Snake). Color and size. Herpetological Review 25(3): 126-127.

Brennan, T.C.; Rosen, P.C.; Hellekson, L. 2009. Diadophis punctatus regalis (Regal Ring-necked Snake) diet. Sonoran Herpetologist 22(11): 123.

Conant, R. 1963. Semiaquatic snakes of the genus Thamnophis from the isolated drainage system of the Rio Nazas and adjacent areas in Mexico. Copeia 1963: 473-499.

Cotten, T.B.; Love-Chezem, T.S.; Westeen, E.P.; Shaw, C.J.; Fadlovich, R. 2017. Natural history notes: Thamnophis rufipunctatus (Narrow-headed Gartersnake). Habitat. Herpetological Review 48(3): 686-687.

Emmons, I.D.; Nowak, E.M. 2012. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis rufipunctatus (Narrow-headed Gartersnake). Herpetological Review 43(2): 310.

Fleharty, E.D. 1964. Comparative ecology of three species of new Mexican garter snakes (genus Thamnophis). Dissertation Abstracts 24: 3471-3472.

Fleharty, E.D. 1967. Comparative ecology of Thamnophis elegans, T. cyrtopsis, and T. rufipunctatus in New Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist 12: 207-230.

Goldberg, S.R. 2003. Natural history notes: Thamnophis rufipunctatus (Narrow-headed Garter Snake). Reproduction. Herpetological Review 34(2): 158.

Hibbitts, T.J.; Fitzgerald, L.A. 2005. Morphological and ecological convergence in two natricine snakes. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 85(3): 363-371.

Hibbitts, T.J.; Painter, C.W.; Holycross, A.T. 2009. Ecology of a population of the Narrow-headed Garter Snake (Thamnophis rufipunctatus) in New Mexico: catastrophic decline of a river specialist. Southwestern Naturalist 54(4): 461-467.

Nowak, E.M.; Santana Bendix, M.A. 2003. Distribution, ecology and management recommendations for the Narrow-headed Garter Snake (Thamnophis rufipunctatus) in Oak Creek, Arizona. 1. Sonoran Herpetologist 16(10): 86-89.

Nowak, E.M.; Santana Bendix, M.A. 2003. Distribution, ecology and management recommendations for the Narrow-headed Garter Snake (Thamnophis rufipunctatus) in Oak Creek, Arizona. 2. Sonoran Herpetologist 16(11): 98-101.

Painter, C.W.; Hibbitts, T. 1996. Natural history notes: Thamnophis rufipunctatus. (Narrow-headed Garter Snake). Maximum size. Herpetological Review 27(3): 147.

Queiroz, A. de 2003. Testing an adaptive hypothesis through context-dependence: Effects of water depth on foraging behaviour in three species of garter snakes. Ethology 109(5): 369-384.

Rossman, D.A. 1996. Taxonomic status of the southern Durango spotted garter snake, Thamnophis nigronuchalis Thompson, 1957. Proceedings of the Louisiana Academy of Sciences 58: 1-10.

Smith, H.M.; Chiszar, D. 2003. The checkered nomenclatural history of the Narrow-headed Garter Snake, Thamnophis rufipunctatus (Cope). Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 38(3): 46-48.

Tanner, W.W. 1990. Thamnophis rufipunctatus. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 505: 1-2.

Taylor, E.H. 1941. Herpetological miscellany. II. University of Kansas Science Bulletin 27(1): 105-139.

Thompson, F.G. 1957. A new Mexican gartersnake (Genus Thamnophis) with notes on related forms. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology University of Michigan 584: 1-10.

Wood, D.A.; Vandergast, A.G.; Lemos-Espinal, J.A.; Fisher, R.N.; Holycross, A.T. 2011. Refugial isolation and divergence in the Narrowheaded Gartersnake species complex (Thamnophis rufipunctatus) as revealed by multilocus DNA sequence data. Molecular Ecology 20(18): 3856-3878.

Thamnophis saurita

Amiel, J.J.; Wassersug, R.J. 2010. Temperature differentials between the bodies and tails of ribbon snakes (Thamnophis sauritus): ecological and physiological implications. Amphibia-Reptilia 31(2): 257-263.

Bell, S.L.M.; Herman, T.B.; Wassersug, R.J. 2007. Ecology of Thamnophis sauritus (Eastern Ribbon Snake) at the northern limit of its range. Northeastern Naturalist 14(2): 279-292.

Birkhead, R.D. 2012. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis sauritus sauritus (Common Ribbonsnake). Herpetological Review 43(1): 108.

Bishop, L.A.; Farrell, T.M. 1994. Natural history notes: Thamnophis sauritus sackenii (Peninsula Ribbon Snake). Behavior. Herpetological Review 25(3): 127.

Bleakney, J.S. 1951. A new snake record for Nova Scotia. Canadian Field-Naturalist 65(3): 118-119.

Brandon, R.A.; Ballard, S.R. 1995. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis sauritus (Eastern Ribbon Snake). Herpetological Review 26(3): 157.

Buckner, S.D.; Franz, R. 1998. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis sauritus sackenii (Peninsula Ribbon Snake). Herpetological Review 29(1): 55.

Burt, M.D. 1928. The relation of size to maturity in the garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis (L.) and T. sauritus sauritus (L.). Copeia 1928(166): 8-12.

Carpenter, C.C. 1952. Comparative ecology of the Common Garter Snake (Thamnophis s. sirtalis), the ribbon snake (Thamnophis s. sauritus), and Butler's Garter Snake (Thamnophis butleri) in mixed populations. Ecological Monographs 22(4): 235-258.

Collins, J.T. 1995. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis sauritus (Eastern Ribbon Snake). Herpetological Review 26(2): 110.

Colvin, R.; Dennison, J. 2014. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis sauritus (Eastern Ribbonsnake). Herpetological Review 45(2): 286.

Davis, J.G.; Lipps, G.J.; Pfingsten, R.A. 2009. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis sauritis [sauritus] (Eastern Ribbonsnake). Herpetological Review 40(4): 458.

Desroches, J.F.; Lapare, R. 2004. Premieres mentions de la couleuvre mince, Thamnophis sauritus septentrionalis, au Quebec. Canadian Field Naturalist 118(1): 135-137.

Dowling, H.G. 1951. A practical solution of the nomenclature of the common gartersnake and the ribbon snake. Copeia 1951: 309-310.

Dowling, H.G. 1956. Geographic relations of Ozarkian amphibians and reptiles. Southwestern Naturalist 1(4): 174-189.

Duellman, W.E. 1948. Thamnophis s. sauritus eats own young. Herpetologica 4(6): 210.

Enge, K.M. 2015. Natural history notes: Thamnophis sauritus sackenii (Peninsula Ribbonsnake). Defensive behavior / death feigning. Herpetological Review 46(3): 455.

Fouquette, M.J. 1954. Food competition among four sympatric species of garter snakes, genus Thamnophis. Texas Journal of Science 6(2): 172-189.

Freeman, H.W. 1955. Part V. The amphibia and reptilia of the Savannah river project area. 2. Chelonia. 3. Crocodilia, Sauria and Serpentes. U.S. Cur. Publ. Biol. 1(4): 239-244, 275-291.

Garriock, S.; Kirkendall, M. 1996. Thamnophis sauritus sauritus (Eastern Ribbon Snake). Catesbeiana 16(2): 49.

Gartside, D.F.; Rogers, J.S.; Dessauer, H.C. 1977. Speciation with little genic and morphological differentiation in the ribbon snakes Thamnophis proximus and T. sauritus (Colubridae). Copeia 1977(4): 697-705.

Goodman, J.D. 1948. A report on the reptiles collected by J.M. Shaffer from the Keokuk Area, 1863-1895. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science 55: 365-366.

Greene, M.P.; Boback, S.M. 2003. Natural history notes: Thamnophis sauritus sauritus (Eastern Ribbon Snake). Diet. Herpetological Review 34(2): 159.

Hansknecht, K.A.; Creque, T.R.; Ernst, C.H. 1999. Natural history notes: Thamnophis sauritus sauritus (Eastern Ribbon Snake). Hibernaculum. Herpetological Review 30(2): 104.

Hendrix, J.R.; List, J. 1982. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis sauritus septentrionalis (Northern Ribbon Snake). Herpetological Review 13(2): 53.

Heselhaus, R. 1981. Zwei empfehlenswerte Nattern: Thamnophis sauritus und Natrix maura. DATZ (Die Aquarien- und Terrarien-Zeitschrift) 34(7): 242-244.

Jeffreys, J.D. 2010. Thamnophis sauritus sauritus (Eastern Ribbonsnake). Catesbeiana 30(2): 92.

Johnson, S.; Francois, K. 2018. First record of an Eastern Ribbonsnake (Thamnophis sauritus) from Paradise Island, The Bahamas. IRCF (International Reptile Conservation Foundation) Journal 25(3): 214.

Klauber, L.M. 1948. Some misapplications of the Linnaean names applied to American snakes. Copeia 1948: 1-14.

Kraus, F.; Cameron, H.D. 2016. A note on the proper nomenclature for the snake currently known at Thamnophis sauritus. Herpetological Review 47(1): 74-75.

Langebartel, D.A.; Smith, P.W. 1959. Noteworthy records of amphibians and reptiles from eastern Mexico. Herpetologica 15: 27-29.

Langford, G.J.; Borden, J.A. 2006. Natural history notes: Thamnophis sauritus sauritus (Eastern Ribbon Snake). Maximum size. Herpetological Review 37(1): 95.

Langford, G.J.; Borden, J.A.; Nelson, D.H. 2011. Ecology of the Eastern Ribbonsnake (Thamnophis sauritus) in southern Alabama with evidence of seasonal multiple broods. Herpetological Conservation and Biology 6(3): 400-409.

Latham, R. 1968. Occurrence of the eastern ribbon snake on eastern Long Island. Engelhardtia 1(1): 15.

Laughlin, H.E. 1959. Stomach contents of some aquatic snakes from Lake McAlester, Pittsburgh County, Oklahoma. Texas Journal of Science 11(1): 83-85.

Lethaby, M. 2011. Natural history notes: Thamnophis sauritus septentrionalis (Northern Ribbonsnake). Reproduction: litter size. Herpetological Review 42(4): 621.

Little, C. 2012. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis sauritus (Eastern Ribbonsnake). Herpetological Review 43(2): 310.

Luhring, T.M.; Ross, Z.D. 2012. Natural history notes: Gastrophryne carolinensis (Eastern Narrow-mouthed Toad). Predation. Herpetological Review 43(1): 118.

Moler, P.E. 1979. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis sauritus sackeni (Peninsula Ribbon Snake). USA: Florida: Monroe Co. Herpetological Review 10(3): 103.

Neill, W.T. 1951. Notes on the natural history of certain North American snakes. Publ. Res. Div. Ross Allen Rept. Inst. 1(5): Unpaginated.

Oguni, J.T. 2009. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis sauritus (Eastern Ribbonsnake). Herpetological Review 40(4): 458.

Orr, J.M. 2003. Thamnophis sauritus sauritus (Eastern Ribbon Snake). Catesbeiana 23(2): 68-69.

Paulson, D.R. 1968. Variation in some snakes from the Florida Keys. Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences 29 [1966]: 295-308.

Phillips, J.G. 2015. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis sauritus (Eastern Ribbonsnake). Herpetological Review 46(4): 578.

Rose, F.L. 1959. Albinism in Thamnophis sauritus. Herpetologica 15: 233.

Rossman, D.A. 1961. Nomenclatural status of the neotropical subspecies of the colubrid snake, Thamnophis sauritus. Notulae Naturae (Philadelphia) 340: 1-2.

Rossman, D.A. 1970. Thamnophis sauritus. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 99: 1-2.

Rowe, J.W.; Campbell, K.C.; Gillingham, J.C. 2000. Diet of the ribbon snake on Beaver Island, Michigan: Temporal variation and the relationship of prey size to predator size. Herpetological Natural History 7(2): 145-152.

Schlauch, F.C. 1976. City snakes, suburban salamanders. Natural History (New York) 85(5): 46-53.

Scribner, S.J.; Weatherhead, P.J. 1995. Locomotion and antipredator behaviour in three species of semi-aquatic snakes. Canadian Journal of Zoology 73(2): 321-329.

Sonnenberg, J. 2006. Baendernattern. Draco 7(1) (25): 40-49.

Tercafs, R.R. 1961. Observations sur la natation chez les reptiles. Bulletin Soc. Zool. Anvers. 20: 3-19.

Todd, J.; Amiel, J.; Wassersug, R. 2009. Factors influencing the emergence of a northern population of Eastern Ribbon Snakes (Thamnophis sauritus) from artificial hibernacula. Canadian Journal of Zoology 87(12): 1221-1226.

Todd, J.; Wassersug, R. 2010. Caudal pseudoautotomy in the eastern ribbon snake Thamnophis sauritus. Amphibia-Reptilia 31(2): 213-215.

Weatherhead, P.J.; Kissner, K.J.; Sommerer, S.J. 2006. Prenatal sex ratios and expression of sexually dimorphic traits in three snake species. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A Comparative Experimental Biology 305(8): 603-609.

Woods, J.G.; Cook, F.R. 1976. Range extension of the ribbon snake in eastern Ontario. Canadian Field Naturalist 90(1): 69-70.

Wusterbarth, T.L.; King, R.B.; Duvall, M.R.; Grayburn, W.S.; Burghardt, G.M. 2010. Phylogenetically widespread multiple paternity in New World natricine snakes. Herpetological Conservation and Biology 5(1): 86-93.

Thamnophis scalaris

Contreras, J.A.; Valderrabano, C.; Cortes Soto, C.G.; Manjarrez, J. 2001. Natural history notes: Thamnophis scalaris (Mexican Alpine Blotched Garter Snake). Litter size. Herpetological Review 32(2): 110.

Feriche, M.; Reguera, S.; Santos, X.; Estrella, M.D.; Setser, K.; Pleguezuelos, J.M. 2011. Biometry and pholidosis of Thamnophis scaliger: an atypical example of sexual dimorphism in a natricine snake. Basic and Applied Herpetology 25: 105-113.

Fouquette, M.J.; Rossman, D.A. 1963. Noteworthy records of Mexican amphibians and reptiles in the Florida State Museum and the Texas Natural History Collection. Herpetologica 19: 185-201.

Lemos-Espinal, J.A.; Ballinger, R.E. 1992. Life history notes: Barisia imbricata imbricata (NCN). Predation. Herpetological Review 23(4): 117.

Manjarrez, J.; Venegas-Barrera, C.S.; Garcia-Guadarrama, T. 2007. Ecology of the Mexican Alpine Blotched Garter Snake (Thamnophis scalaris). Southwestern Naturalist 52(2): 258-262.

Mocino-Deloya, E.; Feriche, M.; Reguera, S.; Setser, K.; Pleguezuelos, J.M. 2009. Natural history notes: Thamnophis scalaris (Mexican Alpine Blotched Garter Snake). Ophiophagy. Herpetological Review 40(4): 442-443.

Mundo-Hernández, V.; Dominguez-Vega, H.; Gomez-Ortiz, Y.; Rubio-Blanco, T.; Soria-Diaz, L.; Manjarrez, J. 2017. Hibernation refuge of Thamnophis scalaris Cope, 1861, in Central Mexico. Herpetozoa 29(3-4): 198-200.

Olvera Olvera, C.R.; Fernández-Badillo, L. 2016. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis scalaris (Long-tailed Alpine Gartersnake). Herpetological Review 47(1): 85.

Rodriguez-Romero, F.; Casas-Andreu, G.; Lopez-Gonzalez, L. 2003. Natural history notes: Thamnophis scalaris (Mexican Alpine Blotched Garter Snake). Diet. Herpetological Review 34(1): 75.

Rossman, D.A.; Lara-Gongora, G. 1997. Variation in the Mexican Garter Snake Thamnophis scalaris Cope and the taxonomic status of T. scaliger (Jan). Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural Science Louisiana State University 74: 1-14.

Soria-Díaz, L.; Domínguez-Vega, H.; Gómez-Ortíz, Y.; Manjarrez, J.; Rubio-Blanco, T.; Mundo-Hernández, V.; Pérez-Almazán, C. 2015. Natural history notes: Thamnophis scalaris (Mexican Alpine Blotched Gartersnake) and T. eques (Mexican Gartersnake). Predator-prey relationships. Herpetological Review 46(1): 109.

Venegas Barrera, C.S.; Manjarrez, J. 2001. Natural history notes: Thamnophis eques (Mexican Garter Snake) and Thamnophis scalaris (Mexican Alpine Blotched Garter Snake). Predator/prey. Herpetological Review 32(3): 187.

Venegas Barrera, C.S.; Manjarrez, J. 2001. Natural history notes: Thamnophis scalaris (Mexican Alpine Blotched Garter Snake). Diet. Herpetological Review 32(4): 266.

Thamnophis scaliger

Alvarez, T.; Murillo, S. 2002. Aspectos ecologicos de la culebra Thamnophis scaliger (Colubridae: Reptilia) de Mexico. Vertebrata Mexicana 10: 19-23.

Cruz-Elizalde, R.; Ramírez-Bautista, A. 2012. [Diversity of reptiles in three vegetation types of the Hidalgo state, Mexico]. (In Spanish). Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 83(2): 458-467.

Feriche, M.; Reguera, S.; Santos, X.; Estrella, M.D.; Setser, K.; Pleguezuelos, J.M. 2011. Biometry and pholidosis of Thamnophis scaliger: an atypical example of sexual dimorphism in a natricine snake. Basic and Applied Herpetology 25: 105-113.

Feriche, M.; Reguera, S.; Santos, X.; Mociño-Deloya, E.; Setser, K.; Pleguezuelos, J.M. 2016. Female reproduction in Thamnophis scaliger: the significance of parturition timing. Journal of Herpetology 50(2): 209-215.

Fouquette, M.J.; Rossman, D.A. 1963. Noteworthy records of Mexican amphibians and reptiles in the Florida State Museum and the Texas Natural History Collection. Herpetologica 19: 185-201.

Mocino-Deloya, E.; Feriche, M.; Reguera, S.; Setser, K.; Pleguezuelos, J.M. 2009. Natural history notes: Thamnophis scalaris (Mexican Alpine Blotched Garter Snake). Ophiophagy. Herpetological Review 40(4): 442-443.

Mocino-Deloya, E.; Setser, K.; Reguera, S.; Feriche, M.; Pleguezuelos, J.M. 2009. Natural history notes: Thamnophis scaliger (Mesa Central Blotched Garter Snake). Maximum elevation. Herpetological Review 40(4): 443.

Quintero-Diaz, G.; Vazquez Diaz, J.; Smith, H.M. 1999. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis scaliger (Short-tailed Alpine Garter Snake). Herpetological Review 30(4): 237.

Quintero-Díaz, G.E.; Carbajal-Márquez, R.A. 2016. Distribution notes: Thamnophis scaliger (Jan, 1863). Mesoamerican Herpetology 3(1): 203.

Reguera, S.; Santos, X.; Feriche, M.; Mociño-Deloya, E.; Setser, K.; Pleguezuelos, J.M. 2011. Diet and energetic constraints of an earthworm specialist, the Mesa Central Blotched Garter Snake (Thamnophis scaliger). Canadian Journal of Zoology 89(12): 1178-1187.

Rossman, D.A.; Lara-Gongora, G. 1997. Variation in the Mexican Garter Snake Thamnophis scalaris Cope and the taxonomic status of T. scaliger (Jan). Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural Science Louisiana State University 74: 1-14.

Thamnophis sirtalis

Anonymous. 1980. Survival of the San Francisco garter snake. Herpetology (Pasadena) 10(3): 3-4.

Anonymous. 1987. Problems with plaice. Removal of a fish bone from a red-sided garter snake. Snake Keeper 1(1): 12-13.

Abolit, D.; Gilhen, J. 2011. Eastern Chipmunk, Tamias striatus, attack on a Maritime Garter Snake, Thamnophis sirtalis pallidulus, at Cooks Lake, Halifax County, Nova Scotia, Canada. Canadian Field-Naturalist 125(1): 55-57.

Aleksiuk, M. 1975. Manitoba's fantastic snake pits. National Geographic Magazine 148(5): 714-723.

Aleksiuk, M. 1976. Reptilian hibernation: evidence of adaptive strategies in Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis. Copeia 1976(1): 170-178.

Aleksiuk, M. 1977. Cold-induced aggregative behavior in the red-sided garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis). Herpetologica 33(1): 98-101.

Aleksiuk, M. 1977. Snake pits in the snow. Nature, Can. 6(2): 35-39.

Aleksiuk, M.; Gregory, P.T. 1974. Regulation of seasonal mating behavior in Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis. Copeia 1974(3): 681-659.

Alfaro, M.E. 2002. Forward attack modes of aquatic feeding garter snakes. Functional Ecology 16(2): 204-215.

Allaback, M.L.; Laabs, D.M.; Alvarez, J.; Andersen, J. 2015. Natural history notes: Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia (San Francisco Gartersnake). Upland habitat use. Herpetological Review 46(2): 278.

Allan, T.A. 1979. Eastern garter snake predation on dark-eyed junco nests. Jack Pine Warbler 57(3): 168-169.

Allen, E.R.; Neill, W.T. 1957. The garter snake. Florida Wild Life 1952 [1957]: 8-9.

Alpaugh, W.C. 1980. Earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) consumption in captive garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis). Herpetological Review 11(4): 93.

Anthony, C.D.; Venesky, M.D.; Spetz, J.C. 2007. Natural history notes: Eurycea longicauda longicauda (Long-tailed Salamander). Predation. Herpetological Review 38(2): 175-176.

Anwar, A.M.; Freitas, E.S.; Flanagan, R.L.; Jongsma, G.F.M. 2015. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis sirtalis (Common Gartersnake). Herpetological Review 46(1): 63-64.

Arnold, S.J. 1978. Some effects of early experience on feeding responses in the Common Garter Snake, Thamnophis sirtalis. Animal Behaviour 26(2): 455-462.

Arnold, S.J.; Peterson, C.R. 1989. A test for temperature effects on the ontogeny of shape in the garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis. Physiological Zoology 62(6): 1316-1333.

Bakker, J. 1986. Breeding results. Thamnophis sirtalis floridana. Litteratura Serpentium (English Edition) 6(4): 155-156.

Barnes, S.M.; Dubesky, C.M.; Herman, T.B. 2006. Ecology and morphology of Thamnophis sirtalis pallidulus (maritime garter snakes) on Georges Island, Nova Scotia. Northeastern Naturalist 13(1): 73-82.

Barry, S.J.; Jennings, M.R. 1998. Case 3012. Coluber infernalis Blainville, 1835 and Eutaenia sirtalis tetrataenia Cope in Yarrow, 1875 (Currently Thamnophis sirtalis infernalis and T. s. tetrataenia; Reptilia, Squamata): proposed conservation of the subspecific names by the designation of a neotype for T. s. infernalis. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 55(4): 224-228.

Barry, S.J.; Jennings, M.R.; Smith, H.M. 1996. Current subspecific names for western Thamnophis sirtalis. Herpetological Review 27(4): 172-173.

Bartlett, R.D. 1981. An albino Eastern Garter Snake, Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis, from western Massachusetts. Herpetological Review 12(2): 52.

Barton, A.J. 1947. An albino eastern garter snake from Pennsylvania. Copeia 1947: 140.

Barton, A.J. 1952. A new size record for the eastern gartersnake Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis (Linnaeus). Copeia 1952: 190-191.

Batts, B.S. 1961. Intertidal fishes as food of the Common Garter Snake. Copeia 1961(3): 350-351.

Baur, B. 1980. Die Strumpfbandnatter Thamnophis sirtalis ist pflegeleicht. Aquarium (Minden) 14(133): 375-378.

Baxter-Gilbert, J.H.; Riley, J.L.; Lesbarréres, D.; Litzgus, J.D. 2015. Mitigating reptile road mortality: fence failures compromise ecopassage effectiveness. PLoS ONE 10(3): e0120537.

Beaupre, S.J.; Roberts, K.G.; Montgomery, E. 2005. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis (Eastern Gartersnake). Herpetological Review 36(1): 84.

Begun, D.; Kubie, J.L.; O'Keefe, M.P.; Halpern, M. 1988. Conditioned discrimination of airborne odorants by garter snakes (Thamnophis radix and T. sirtalis sirtalis). Journal of Comparative Psychology 102(1): 35-43.

Bellemin, J.M.; Adest, G.; Gorman, G.C. 1978. Genetic uniformity in northern populations of Thamnophis sirtalis (Serpentes: Colubriidae). Copeia 1978(1): 150-151.

Bennett, A.F.; Huey, R.B. 1990. Studying the evolution of physiological performance. Oxford Surveys in Evolutionary Biology 7: 251-284.

Benton, M.J. 1980. Geographic variation and the validity of subspecies names for the Eastern Garter Snake, Thamnophis sirtalis. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 15(3): 57-69.

Benton, M.J. 1980. Geographic variation in the garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) of the north-central United States, a multivariate study. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 68(4): 307-323.

Bergmans, H. 1976. Eine wasserliebende Schlange: die Strumpfbandnatter Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis. DATZ (Die Aquarien- und Terrarien-Zeitschrift) 29(5): 172-174.

Bern, C.; Herzog, H.A. 1994. Stimulus control of defensive behaviors of garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis): effects of eye spots and movement. Journal of Comparative Psychology 108(4): 353-357.

Bessler, S.M.; Stubblefield, M.C.; Ultsch, G.R.; Secor, S.M. 2010. Determinants and modeling of specific dynamic action for the Common Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis). Canadian Journal of Zoology 88(8): 808-820.

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