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Taxonomy of the genus Virginia Biodiversity of the family Colubridae

Bibliography of the genus
Virginia (Smooth Earth Snake)

(Reptilia: Serpentes: Colubridae)

Note: In order to limit redundancy, relevant literature indexed in the related bibliographies in the left column may not have been included in this page. For a comprehensive search of literature, these bibliographies should therefore also be consulted.


Virginia valeriae

Arndt, R.G. 1985. Distributional notes on some Delaware snakes, with two first records for the state. Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 21(2): 67-73.

Beane, J.C.; Braswell, A.L.; Mitchell, J.C.; Palmer, W.M.; Harrison, J.R. 2010. Amphibians and reptiles of the Carolinas and Virginia. 2nd revised and updated ed. The University of Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. 274 pp.

Bender, M.J. 2014. Geographic distribution: Virginia valeriae (Smooth Earthsnake). Herpetological Review 45(3): 467.

Blanchard, F.N. 1923. The snakes of the genus Virginia. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 3: 343-364.

Blem, C.R.; Blem, L.B. 1985. Notes on Virginia (Reptilia: Colubridae) in Virginia. Brimleyana 11: 87-95.

Bothner, R.G.; Moore, T.R. 1964. A collection of Haldea valeriae pulchra from western Pennsylvania, with notes on some litters of their young. Copeia 1964: 709-710.

Bradford, J. 1974. Reproduction and ecology of two species of earth snakes: Virginia striatula and Virginia valeriae. Dissertation Abstracts International 35(2): 1124.

Brumwell, M.J. 1951. An ecological survey of the Fort Leavenworth Military Reservation. American Midland Naturalist 45(1): 187-231.

Bryant, C.A. 1999. Geographic distribution: Virginia valeriae (Smooth Earth Snake). Herpetological Review 30(4): 237.

Butterfield, B.P.; Butterfield, J.B. 2015. Geographic distribution: Virginia valeriae elegans (Western Smooth Earthsnake). Herpetological Review 46(3): 387.

Caldwell, J.; McAllister, C.T. 2005. Geographic distribution: Virginia valeriae elegans (Western Smooth Earthsnake). Herpetological Review 36(1): 85.

Campbell, B.W. 1962. An extension of the range of Haldea valeriae in Florida. Copeia 1962: 438-439.

Christiansen, J.L. 1973. The distribution and variation of the western earth snake Virginia valeriae elegans (Kennicott) in Iowa. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science 80(3): 167-170.

Clark, D.R. 1964. The structures of the hemipenis as systematic characters in the genus Virginia Baird and Girard. Herpetologica 20: 33-37.

Clawson, M.E.; Baskett, T.S. 1982. Herpetofauna of the Ashland Wildlife Area, Boone County, Missouri. Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Science 16: 5-16.

Collins, J.T. 1962. Notes on Virginia valeriae Baird & Girard in Kentucky. Herpetologica 18: 136-137.

Collins, J.T. 2008. New records of amphibians, reptiles, and turtles in Kansas for 2007. Journal of Kansas Herpetology 25: 9-11.

Conant, R. 1936. Virginia valeriae valeriae in Pennsylvania. Herpetologica 1936: 17.

Cooper, J.E. 1958. The snake Haldea valeriae pulchra in Maryland. Herpetologica 14: 121-122.

Dowling, H.G. 1956. Geographic relations of Ozarkian amphibians and reptiles. Southwestern Naturalist 1(4): 174-189.

Durso, A.M.; Nelson, K.T.; Osburn, E.D. 2009. Geographic distribution: Virginia valeriae (Smooth Earthsnake). Herpetological Review 40(2): 239-240.

Edgren, R.A.; Ward, D.B. 1952. The western ground snake Haldea valeriae elegans, in Indiana. Natural History Miscellanea 95: 1-3.

Edmond, B.S. 1993. Geographic distribution: Virginia valeriae (Smooth Earth Snake). Herpetological Review 24(2): 69.

Essner, R.; Hendershott, A.J. 1996. County records for reptiles and amphibians in Missouri found in the Vertebrate Museum at southeast Missouri State University. Herpetological Review 27(4): 218.

Ferner, J.W.; Thomas, M.; Ferner, J.P. 2002. Geographic distribution: Virginia valeriae elegans (Western Smooth Earthsnake). Herpetological Review 33(4): 326.

Folt, B.P. 2012. Geographic distribution: Virginia valeriae (Smooth Earthsnake). Herpetological Review 43(1): 109.

Gray, B.S. 2006. Artificial hibernation of some temperate North American snakes. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 41(6): 101-104.

Gray, B.S. 2009. Natural history notes: Virginia pulchra (Mountain Earth Snake). Longevity, reproduction, and growth. Herpetological Review 40(1): 105.

Groves, F. 1961. Notes on two large broods of Haldea v. valeriae (Baird & Girard). Herpetologica 17: 71.

Hammerson, G.A. 2007. Virginia valeriae. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2007: e.T64003A12733555. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T64003A12733555.en.

Holt, B.D.; Guinane, C. 2017. Geographic Distribution: Virginia valeriae (Smooth Earthsnake). Herpetological Review 48(3): 592.

Hulbert, A.; Hall, J.M. 2017. Geographic distribution: Virginia valeriae elegans (Western Smooth Earthsnake). Herpetological Review 48(1): 132.

Jensen, J.B.; Bailey, M.A. 1995. Geographic distribution: Virginia valeriae (Smooth Earth Snake). Herpetological Review 26(4): 211.

Jessee, L.D. 2017. Geographic Distribution: Virginia valeriae valeriae (Eastern Smooth Earthsnake). Herpetological Review 48(3): 592.

Keeler, J.E. 1959. Some observations on an unusual physiological display of a brood of western ground snakes with notes on parturition. Journal of the Alabama Academy of Science 31: 99.

Kessler, E.M. 1997. Geographic distribution: Virginia valeriae (Smooth Earth Snake). Herpetological Review 28(2): 99.

Kezer, J.; Trapido, H. 1944. Haldea v. valeriae in New Jersey. Copeia 1943 [1944]: 252.

Laposha, N.A.; Powell, R. 1982. Life history notes: Virginia valeriae (Smooth Earth Snake). Size. Herpetological Review 13(3): 97.

Mann, R.; Shepard, A. 2014. Geographic distribution: Virginia valeriae (Smooth Earthsnake). Herpetological Review 45(1): 97.

McAllister, C.T. 2016. Natural history notes: Lampropeltis holbrooki (Specked Kingsnake). Diet / ophiophagy. Herpetological Review 47(3): 479-480.

McAllister, C.T.; Robison, H.W. 2009. Geographic distribution: Virginia valeriae elegans (Western Smooth Earthsnake). Herpetological Review 40(3): 367.

McAllister, C.T.; Robison, H.W. 2010. Geographic distribution: Virginia valeriae elegans (Western Smooth Earthsnake). Herpetological Review 41(2): 246.

McVay, J.D.; Flores-Villela, O.; Carstens, B. 2015. Diversification of North American natricine snakes. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 116(1): 1-12.

Miller, B.T. 1995. Geographic distribution: Virginia valeriae (Smooth Earth Snake). Herpetological Review 26(3): 157.

Miller, B.T.; Miller, J.L. 1994. Geographic distribution: Virginia valeriae (Smooth Earth Snake). USA: Tennessee: Wilson Co. Herpetological Review 25(4): 168.

Moody, S.M. 1987. Geographic distribution: Virginia valeriae valeriae (Eastern Earth Snake). Herpetological Review 18(1): 21.

Moorman, C.E.; Beane, J.C. 2010. Natural history notes: Virginia valeriae valeriae (Eastern Smooth Earthsnake). Predation. Herpetological Review 41(1): 101.

Morris, M.A.; Walsh, S.J. 1991. Reproduction in a western Smooth Earth Snake (Virginia valeriae elegans) from western Kentucky. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 26(6): 133.

Myers, C.W. 1963. Ontogenetic color variation of the snake Virginia valeriae. Herpetologica 18: 273-274.

Netting, M.G. 1965. Snake christened by Carnegie Museum scientist now discovered at Powdermill Nature Reserve. Powdermill Nature Reserve, Carnegie Mus. Educ. release 56: 1-2.

Ogletree, K.A.; Bender, M.J. 2017. Geographic distribution: Virginia valeriae (Smooth Earth Snake). Herpetological Review 48(2): 393.

Owen, D.A.S.; Flaherty, J.P.; Wild, K.H.; Clinger, J.S.; Gienger, C.M. 2016. Geographic distribution: Virginia valeriae elegans (Western Smooth Earthsnake). Herpetological Review 47(2): 267.

Parker, H.W. 1938. The generic name of the North American ground snake. Copeia 1938: 94.

Phillips, C.A. 1991. Geographic distribution: Virginia valeriae (Smooth Earth Snake). Herpetological Review 22(4): 136.

Pisani, G.R. 1971. An unusually large litter of Virginia valeriae pulchra. Journal of Herpetology 5: 207-208.

Pisani, G.R. 1972. Remarks on the holotype of Virginia valeriae elegans (Kennicott). Herpetologica 28(4): 348.

Pisani, G.R. 2005. A new Kansas locality for Virginia valeriae. Journal of Kansas Herpetology 16: 25.

Pisani, G.R. 2007. New Kansas maximum sizes for Virginia valeriae and Carphophis vermis. Journal of Kansas Herpetology 22: 11.

Pisani, G.R. 2009. Virginia valeriae and Storeria dekayi in a northeast Kansas grassland community: ecology and conservation implications. Journal of Kansas Herpetology 32: 20-36.

Pisani, G.R.; Collins, J.T. 1971. The smooth earth snake, Virginia valeriae (Baird and Girard), in Kentucky. Transactions of the Kentucky Academy of Science 32(1-2): 16-25.

Pitts, R.M.; Scharninghausen, J.J.; Bickham, J.W. 2000. Eastern hermit thrush (Hylocichla guttate faxoni) chokes to death swallowing a snake. Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Science 33-34: 9.

Powell, R. 1992. Geographic distribution: Virginia valeriae elegans (Western Earth Snake). Herpetological Review 23(3): 93.

Powell, R.; Collins, J.T.; Fish, L.D. 1992. Virginia valeriae. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 552: 1-6.

Richmond, N.D. 1954. The ground snake, Haldea valeriae, in Pennsylvania and West Virginia with description of a new subspecies. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 1954(15): 251-260.

Robison, H.W.; Daniel, P. 2006. Geographic distribution: Virginia valeriae elegans (Western Smooth Earthsnake). Herpetological Review 37(4): 502.

Rossi, J.; Rossi, R. 1992. Notes on the captive breeding of the Smooth Earth Snake Virginia valeriae valeriae. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 27(1): 7-8.

Rossman, D.A.; Wallach, V. 1991. Virginia. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 529: 1-4.

Saenz, D.; Baum, K.A. 2000. Geographic distribution: Virginia valeriae (Smooth Earth Snake). USA: Texas: Angelina Co. Herpetological Review 31(1): 58.

Saenz, D.; Collins, C.S.; Trees, T.; Williamson, J.H. 1999. Geographic distribution: Virginia valeriae (Smooth Earth Snake). Herpetological Review 30(1): 56.

Sattler, P.; Sattler, G. 2012. Virginia valeriae pulchra (mountain earthsnake). Catesbeiana 32(1): 37-38.

Schuette, B. 1979. Extension of Missouri's Ozark faunal region. Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Science 13: 37-40.

Schuette, B. 1980. Geographic distribution: Virginia valeriae elegans. Herpetological Review 11(4): 116.

Sinclair, R.M. 1951. Notes on the cave salamander, Eurycea lucifuga Rafinesque. Notes on the reproduction of the ground snake Haldea v. valeriae (Baird and Girard). Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science 26: 148.

Sliwinski, R.P. 1990. A range extension of the western Smooth Earth Snake (Virginia valeriae elegans (Kennicott)) in Illinois and notes on its taxonomic key characteristics. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 25(1): 4-5.

Thomas, C. 2011. Virginia valeriae (Smooth Earthsnake). Catesbeiana 31(2): 76-77.

Thurow, G.R. 1981. Geographic distribution: Virginia valeriae. Herpetological Review 12(2): 66.

Todd, B.D. 2008. Natural history notes: Virginia valeriae (Smooth Earth Snake). Threat display. Herpetological Review 39(4): 475.

Todd, B.D.; Andrews, K.M. 2008. Response of a reptile guild to forest harvesting. Conservation Biology 22(3): 753-761.

Todd, B.D.; Willson, J.D.; Winne, C.T.; Whitfield-Gibbons, J. 2008. Aspects of the ecology of the earth snakes (Virginia valeriae and V. striatula) in the upper coastal plain. Southeastern Naturalist 7(2): 349-358.

Walker, D.J. 1963. Notes on broods of Virginia v. valeriae Baird & Girard in Ohio. Journal Ohio Herpetological Society 4(1/2): 54.

Welker, M.E. 2008. Geographic distribution: Virginia valeriae valeriae (Eastern Smooth Earthsnake). Herpetological Review 39(1): 113.

Westing, A.H. 1961. Northerly range extension for the smooth earth snake Virginia valeriae. Herpetologica 17: 144.

Willson, J.D.; Dorcas, M.E. 2004. Aspects of the ecology of small fossorial snakes in the Western piedmont of North Carolina. Southeastern Naturalist 3(1): 1-12.

Yeatman, D.C. 1983. Life history notes: Virginia v. valeriae (Eastern Smooth Earth Snake). Defense. Herpetological Review 14(1): 22.

Zillig, L.D. 1958. The status of Haldea Baird and Girard and Virginia Baird and Girard. Copeia 1958(2): 152.