Citation: Midtgaard, Rune. RepFocus - A Survey of the Reptiles of the World. (www.repfocus.dk).
Latest update:
July 4th, 2026.
 
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Genus
Dolichophis
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Greater Whip Snakes
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Grosse Pfeilnattern
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Store Pilsnoge
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1843 |  |
Eremiophis Fitzinger (type species: Coluber trabalis Pallas 1814; syn. Williams & Wallach 1989) |
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1868 | |
Dolichophis Gistel (type species: Coluber caspius Gmelin 1789) |
Contents:
4 species, none of which are endemic.
Endemism: 0%  100%
Remarks:
Previously included in the genus
Coluber (e.g., Mertens & Wermuth 1960).
Distribution:
SE. Europe, Middle East.
Reported from:
Albania,
Armenia,
Azerbaijan,
Bosnia-Herzegovina,
Bulgaria,
Croatia,
Cyprus,
Egypt
(Sinai),
Georgia,
Greece
(mainland,
Aegean Islands
[Argo-Saronic Islands
(Aegina,
Spetses),
Cyclades Islands
(Andros,
Kea,
Kythnos,
Milos,
Serifos,
Sifnos,
Syros,
Tinos),
Dodecanese Islands
(Agathonisi,
Halki,
Kalymnos,
Karpathos,
Kasos,
Kastellorizo,
Kos,
Leros,
Nisyros,
Patmos,
Rhodes,
Symi,
Tilos),
North Aegean Islands
(Agios Efstratios,
Chios,
Fournoi,
Icaria,
Lavrina,
Lemnos,
Lesbos,
Samos,
Samothrace,
Thassos),
Sporades Islands
(Alonnissos,
Lehoussa)],
Euboea,
Ionian Islands
[Cephalonia,
Corfu,
Ithaki,
Kythira],
Peloponnese),
Hungary,
Iran,
Iraq,
Israel,
Jordan,
Kazakhstan,
Kuwait,
Lebanon,
Moldova,
Montenegro,
North Macedonia,
Romania,
Russia,
Serbia,
Syria,
Turkey
(incl.
European Turkey),
Turkmenistan,
Ukraine
(incl.
Crimea).
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Meristic and other data
of the world's snakes.
Compiled by
V. Wallach
Key to abbreviations
Head drawings of the
genus Dolichophis.
Compiled by V. Wallach
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Dolichophis andreanus
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Zagros Whip Snake, (Andreas' Racer, Persian Whip Snake)
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Zagros-Zornnatter, (Andreas-Zornnatter)
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Zagros-pilsnog
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1917 | |
Zamenis andreana Werner |
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Coluber andreanus Rajabizadeh & Rastegar-Pouyani 2006 |
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Hierophis andreanus Torki 2010 |
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Dolichophis andreanus Rajabizadeh, Pyron, Nazarov, Poyarkov, Adriaens & Herrel 2020 |
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1920 | |
Zamenis hotsoni Boulenger (syn. Schätti 2001) |
Remarks:
Schätti (2001) tentatively regarded
Platyceps najadum as the closest relative of andreanus.
Rastegar-Pouyani, Kami, Rajabzadeh, Shafiei & Anderson (2008) placed the species in the genus
Zamenis,
and Torki (2010) in the genus
Hierophis.
Most recently, Rajabizadeh, Pyron, Nazarov, Poyarkov, Adriaens & Herrel (2020) reassigned andreanus to the genus Dolichophis.
Distribution:
Iran,
Iraq.
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Dolichophis caspius
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Caspian Whip Snake, Yellow-bellied Wood Snake, European Whip Snake, (Large Whip Snake)
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Kaspische Pfeilnatter, Kaspische Zornnatter, Kaspische Springnatter
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Kaspisk Pilsnog
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1789 | |
Coluber caspius Gmelin |
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Hierophis caspius Fitzinger 1853 |
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Zamenis atrovirens caspius Günther 1858 |
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Zamenis gemonensis caspius Boulenger 1893 |
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Zamenis cespius [sic?] Werner 1920 |
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Coluber jugularis caspius Mertens & Müller 1928 |
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Haemorrhois jugularis caspius [sic] Welch 1983 |
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Dolichophis caspius Nagy, Schmidtler, Joger & Wink 2004 [by implication] |
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1799 | |
Coluber jaculator Pallas (syn. Mertens & Wermuth 1960) |
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1801 | |
Coluber bicolor Güldenstedt [not Coluber bicolor Reuss 1834] (syn. Mertens & Wermuth 1960) |
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1814 | |
Coluber acontistes Pallas (syn. Szczerbak & Böhme 1993) |
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1814 | |
Coluber thermalis Pallas (syn. Szczerbak & Böhme 1993) |
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1811 | |
Coluber trabalis Pallas [substitute name for Coluber caspius Gmelin 1789] (syn. Mertens & Wermuth 1960) |
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Zamenis gemonensis trabalis Boettger 1889 |
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1832 | |
Coluber griseo-coeruleus Dwigubskij (syn. Mertens & Wermuth 1960) |
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1972 | |
Coluber caspius eiselti Zinner [invalid name] (syn. Bader, Riegler & Grillitsch 2009) |
Remarks:
Previously regarded as a subspecies of jugularis.
Taxonomic status of records from Iraq (Rhadi, Mohammed, Rastegar-Pouyani, Rastegar-Pouyani & Yousefkhani 2017, as "cf. caspius") is uncertain.
Distribution:
Albania,
Azerbaijan,
Bosnia-Herzegovina,
Bulgaria,
Croatia,
Greece
(mainland,
Aegean Islands
[Argo-Saronic Islands
(Aegina,
Spetses),
Cyclades Islands
(Andros,
Kea,
Kythnos,
Milos,
Serifos,
Sifnos,
Syros,
Tinos),
Dodecanese Islands
(Agathonisi,
Kalymnos,
Karpathos,
Kasos,
Kos,
Leros,
Nisyros,
Patmos,
Rhodes),
North Aegean Islands
(Agios Efstratios,
Chios,
Fournoi,
Icaria,
Lavrina,
Lemnos,
Lesbos,
Samos,
Samothrace,
Thassos),
Sporades Islands
(Alonnissos,
Lehoussa)],
Euboea,
Ionian Islands
[Cephalonia,
Corfu,
Ithaki,
Kythira],
Peloponnese),
Hungary,
Iran,
Kazakhstan,
Moldova,
Montenegro,
North Macedonia,
Romania,
Russia,
Serbia,
Turkey
(incl.
European Turkey),
Ukraine
(incl.
Crimea).
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Dolichophis caspius
© Henrik Bringsøe
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Dolichophis jugularis
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Large Whip Snake, Persian Large Whip Snake, (Green Whip Snake)
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Grosse Pfeilnatter
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Bjælkesnog
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1758 | |
Coluber jugularis Linnaeus |
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Haemorrhois jugularis [sic] Welch 1980 |
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Eremiophis jugularis Welch 1983 |
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Hierophis jugularis Schätti 1988 |
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Dolichophis jugularis Nagy, Schmidtler, Joger & Wink 2004 [by implication] |
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1880 | |
Zamenis viridiflavus asiana Boettger (syn. Schätti 1988) |
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Zamenis gemonensis asianus Boulenger 1893 |
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Coluber jugularis asianus Müller & Wettstein 1933 |
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1972 | |
Coluber jugularis cypriacus Zinner |
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Dolichophis jugularis cypriacus Göcmen, Atatür, Budak, Bahar, Yildiz & Alpagut-Keskin 2009 |
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2012 | |
Dolichophis jugularis zinneri Cattaneo |
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2016 | |
Dolichophis mesopotamicus Afrasiab, Mohammad & Hussein (nomen dubium, following The Reptile Database, viewed 1 April 2023) |
Remarks:
Previously included caspius and schmidti.
Distribution:
Cyprus,
Egypt
(Sinai),
Greece
(Aegean Islands
[Dodecanese Islands
(Halki,
Kalymnos,
Kastellorizo,
Kos,
Leros,
Nisyros,
Patmos,
Rhodes,
Symi,
Tilos)]),
Iran,
Iraq,
Israel,
Jordan,
Kuwait,
Lebanon,
Syria,
Turkey.
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Dolichophis jugularis
© Henrik Bringsøe
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Dolichophis schmidti
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Red-bellied Whip Snake, Armenian Whip Snake, Red-bellied Wood Snake, (Schmidt's Whip Snake)
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Rotbauch-Pfeilnatter
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Sydvestasiatisk Rødbuget Pilsnog
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1832 | |
Coluber erythrogaster Fischer [not Coluber erythrogaster Forster 1771] |
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1909 | |
Coluber schmidti Nikolsky |
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Zamenis gemonensis schmidti Nikolsky 1961 |
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Coluber jugularis schmidti Müller 1939 |
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Coluber caspius schmidti Zinner 1972 |
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Haemorrhois jugularis schmidti [sic] Welch 1983 |
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Hierophis schmidti Schätti 1988 |
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Dolichophis schmidti Nagy, Schmidtler, Joger & Wink 2004 [by implication] |
Remarks:
Validity as separate species confirmed by Abu Baker, Rifai, Joger, Nagy, Wink & Amr (2002).
Claimed to occur in Uzbekistan by some authors (e.g., Venchi & Sindaco 2007; Arakelyan, Danielyan, Corti, Sindaco & Leviton 2011; Sindaco, Venchi & Grieco 2013),
but in their range map of both the species and the genus, the latter authors do not include the country.
According to other authors (e.g., Szczerbak 2003; Ananjeva, Orlov, Khalikov, Darevsky, Ryabov & Barabanov 2006), the species is not found in Uzbekistan.
Taxonomic status of records from Iraq (Rhadi, Mohammed, Rastegar-Pouyani, Rastegar-Pouyani & Yousefkhani 2017, as "cf. schmidti") is uncertain.
Distribution:
Armenia,
Azerbaijan,
Georgia,
Iran,
Iraq,
Jordan,
Russia,
Syria,
Turkey,
Turkmenistan.
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