Citation: Midtgaard, Rune. RepFocus - A Survey of the Reptiles of the World. (www.repfocus.dk).
Latest update: November 9th, 2023.
 
|
Genus
Vipera
 |
Typical Vipers or Adders
|
 |
Eurasische oder Echte Ottern oder Vipern
|
 |
Eurasiske Hugorme, Egentlige Hugorme, Typiske Hugorme
|
|
1764 |  |
Vipera Garsault (type species: Coluber aspis Linnaeus 1758; by subsequent designation: Dubois & Bour 2010) |
|
1768 | |
Coluber Laurenti [not Coluber Linnaeus 1758 (Serpentes)] (type species: Coluber chersea Linnaeus 1758) |
|
1806 | |
Echidna Link [not Echidna Forster 1788 (Pisces); not Echidna Cuvier 1798 (Mammalia); not Echidna Lacepede 1799 (Mammalia)] (type species: Echidna redi = Coluber aspis Linnaeus 1758; syn. Williams & Wallach 1989) |
|
1816 | |
Berus Oken (type species: Coluber berus Linnaeus 1758) |
|
1820 | |
Pelias Merrem (type species: Coluber berus Linnaeus 1758) |
|
1822 | |
Chersea Fleming (type species: Vipera vulgaris Latreille in Sonnini & Latreille 1801) |
|
1831 | |
Ammodytes Bonaparte [not Ammodytes Linnaeus 1758 (Pisces); not Ammodytes Linnaeus 1766 (Pisces)] (type species: Coluber ammodytes Linnaeus 1758) |
|
1834 | |
Rhinaspis Bonaparte [not Rhinaspis Perty 1830 (Insecta); not Rhinaspis Bonaparte 1832 (Aves); nomen nudum (Iinternational Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1964): Opinion 698 (type species: Coluber ammodytes Linnaeus 1758) |
|
1843 | |
Rhinechis Fitzinger [not Rhinechis Michahelles in Wagler 1833 (Serpentes)] (type species: Coluber ammodytes Linnaeus 1758) |
|
1844 | |
Echidnoides Mauduyt (type species: Vipera trilamina Millet 1828) |
|
1927 | |
Acridophaga Reuss (type species: Pelias ursinii Bonaparte 1835) |
|
1927 | |
Mesocoronis Reuss (type species: Vipera coronis Reuss 1927) |
|
1927 | |
Mesovipera Reuss (type species: Coluber aspis Linnaeus 1758) |
|
1927 | |
Teleovipera Reuss [nomen illegitimum; Krecsac 2007] (type species: Coluber ammodytes Linnaeus 1758) |
|
1929 | |
Latastea Reuss (type species: Vipera latasti Bosca 1878) |
|
1929 | |
Tzarevscya Reuss (type species: Vipera tigrina Zarevsky 1917) |
|
1935 | |
Latasteopara Reuss (type species: Vipera hugyi Schinz 1833) |
Contents:
25 species, of which 9 (36.0%) are endemic.
Endemism: 0%  100%
Other common names:
Pelias: Shield-headed Vipers
Remarks:
Previously included the species now assigned to the genera
Daboia,
Macrovipera,
Montatheris,
Montivipera, and
Proatheris.
Dubois & Bour (2010) corrected the authorship of Vipera to Garsault (1764).
It had previously been attributed to Laurenti (1968).
Some authors regard Pelias as a separate genus (e.g., Tuniyev, Avci, Tuniyev, Agasian & Agasian 2012; Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014).
Two nominal species (V. magnifica Tuniyev & Ostrovskikh 2001 and V. pontica Billing, Nilson & Sattler 1990) have been shown to represent
hybrids
(Freitas & al. 2020).
Distribution:
NW. Africa, Europe, C. and E. Asia.
Reported from:
Albania,
Algeria,
Andorra,
Armenia,
Austria,
Azerbaijan,
Belarus,
Belgium,
Bosnia-Herzegovina,
Bulgaria,
China
(Jilin,
Shaanxi,
Xinjiang),
Croatia,
Czech Republic,
Denmark,
Estonia,
Finland,
France,
Georgia,
Germany,
Gibraltar,
Greece
(incl.
Aegean Islands
[incl.
Cyclades Islands],
Sporades Islands),
Hungary,
Iran,
Italy
(incl.
Elba,
Sicily),
Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan,
Latvia,
Liechtenstein,
Lithuania,
Moldova,
Monaco,
Mongolia,
Montenegro,
Morocco,
Netherlands,
North Korea,
North Macedonia,
Norway,
Poland,
Portugal,
Romania,
Russia
(incl.
Sakhalin Island),
San Marino,
Serbia,
Slovakia,
Slovenia,
Spain,
Sweden,
Switzerland,
Tajikistan,
Tunisia,
Turkey
(incl.
European Turkey),
Ukraine
(incl.
Crimea),
United Kingdom
(England,
Scotland,
Wales),
Uzbekistan.
| |
|
Vipera altaica
|
Altai Dwarf Viper
|
|
Altaiotter
|
|
Altai-hugorm
|
|
2010 | |
Vipera altaica Tuniyev, Nilson & Andrén |
|
| |
Pelias altaica Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014 |
Remarks:
Taxonomic status uncertain.
Suggested to be conspecific with renardi, due to low genetic divergence (1%) between the two taxa (Freitas & al. 2020).
Distribution:
Kazakhstan.
|
|
|
Vipera ammodytes
|
European Nose-horned Viper, Sand Viper, Long-nosed Viper, (Horned Viper)
|
|
Sandotter, Europäische Hornotter
|
|
Sandhugorm
|
|
1758 | |
Coluber ammodytes Linnaeus |
|
| |
Vipera ammodytes Sonnini & Latreille 1820 |
|
| |
Cobra ammodytes Fitzinger 1826 |
|
| |
Teleovipera ammodytes Reuss 1927 |
|
1768 | |
Vipera illyrica Laurenti (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
| |
Vipera ammodytes illyrica Cattaneo 2021 |
|
1768 | |
Vipera illyrica var. fusca Laurenti (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1768 | |
Vipera illyrica var. pallido-caerulescens Laurenti (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1897 | |
Vipera ammodytes var. steindachneri Werner (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1903 | |
Vipera ammodytes meridionalis Boulenger |
|
| |
Vipera meridionalis Bolkay 1920 |
|
| |
Pelias meridionalis Reuss 1930 |
|
1904 | |
Vipera ammodytes montandoni Boulenger (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1913 | |
Vipera ammodytes transcaucasiana Boulenger |
|
| |
Vipera transcaucasiana Nilson, Tuniyev, Andrén & Orlov 1999 |
|
1915 | |
Vipera ammodytes transversovirgata Zarevsky (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1919 | |
Vipera ammodytes var. connectens Bolkay [part] (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
| |
Vipera meridionalis connectens Bolkay 1920 |
|
1935 | |
Rhinaspis illyrica litoralis Reuss (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1935 | |
Rhinaspis illyrica velebitensis Reuss (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1937 | |
Rhinaspis illyrica forma melanura Reuss (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1968 | |
Vipera ammodytes ruffoi Bruno (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1974 | |
Vipera ammodytes gregorwallneri Sochurek (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
2021 | |
Vipera ammodytes buchholzi Cattaneo 2021 |
Other common names:
ammodytes: Common Nose-horned Viper, Western Nose-horned Viper
buchholzi: Paros Nose-horned Viper
gregorwallneri: Alpine Nose-horned Viper
meridionalis: Eastern Nose-horned Viper, Southern Nose-horned Viper
montandoni: Transdanubian Nose-horned Viper, Romanian Nose-horned Viper, Dobrudja Nose-horned Viper
ruffoi: South Tyrolian Nose-horned Viper
transcaucasiana: Armenian Nose-horned Viper, Armenian Sand Viper, Transcaucasian Nose-horned Viper, Transcaucasian Sand Viper
Remarks:
Some authors regard transcaucasiana as a separate species (e.g., Obst 1983; Baran & Atatür 1998; Nilson, Tuniyev, Andrén & Orlov 1999;
Ananjeva, Orlov, Khalikov, Darevsky, Ryabov & Barabanov 2006; Lymberakis & Poulakakis 2010; Tuniyev, Nilson, Kasaka, Avci, Agasyan, Orlov & Tuniyev 2017).
Records from Syria are erroneous (possibly based on confusion with the Greek island Syra) or at least doubtful (Martens 1997; Venchi & Sindaco 2007).
David & Ineich (1999) and Venchi & Sindaco (2007) regarded records from Armenia as doubtful,
however, Ursenbacher, Schweiger, Tomovic, Crnobrnja-Isailovic, Fumagalli & Mayer (2008) included material (of transcaucasiana) from the country.
Records from Hungary (e.g., Welch 1983) are considered erroneous (Dely 1978; David & Ineich 1999), although reported by several authors
(e.g., Steward 1971; Harding & Welch 1980; McDiarmid, Campbell & Touré 1999; Anonymous 2005c).
Also records from Slovakia (e.g., Arnold & Burton 1978; Saint Girons 1978; Harding & Welch 1980; Bruno 1985; McDiarmid, Campbell & Touré 1999)
are considered erroneous (David & Ineich 1999).
The taxon V. pontica Billing, Nilson & Sattler 1990 is known from only two specimens, which represent a hybrid (V. kaznakovi X V. transcaucasiana) (Freitas & al. 2020).
Distribution:
Albania,
Austria,
Bosnia-Herzegovina,
Bulgaria,
Croatia,
Georgia,
Greece
(incl.
Aegean Islands
[incl.
Cyclades Islands],
Sporades Islands),
Italy,
Montenegro,
North Macedonia,
Romania,
Serbia,
Slovenia,
Turkey
(incl.
European Turkey).
|
Vipera ammodytes
© Henrik Bringsøe
|
|
Vipera anatolica
|
Anatolian Mountain Steppe Viper, Anatolian Karst Viper, Anatolian Viper
|
|
Anatolische Otter
|
|
Anatolsk Steppehugorm
|
|
1970 | |
Vipera ursini anatolica Eiselt & Baran |
|
| |
Vipera anatolica Joger, Herrmann & Nilson 1992 |
|
| |
Pelias anatolica Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014 |
|
2017 | |
Vipera anatolica senliki Göcmen, Mebert, Karis, Oguz & Ursebacher |
Distribution:
Turkey.
|
|
|
Vipera aspis
|
Asp Viper, Aspic Viper, European Asp
|
|
Aspisviper, Juraviper
|
|
Aspishugorm
|
|
1758 | |
Coluber aspis Linnaeus |
|
| |
Vipera aspis Merrem 1820 |
|
| |
Pelias aspis Boie 1827 |
|
| |
Vipera berus aspis Camerano 1888 |
|
| |
Mesovipera aspis Reuss 1927 |
|
1768 | |
Vipera francisciredi Laurenti |
|
| |
Vipera aspis francisciredi Harding & Welch 1980 |
|
1768 | |
Vipera mosischaras Laurenti (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1788 | |
Coluber redi Gmelin in Linnaeus [new name for Vipera francisci redi Laurenti 1768] (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
| |
Vipera redi Sonnini & Latreille 1801 |
|
| |
Vipera aspis redi Calabresi 1924 |
|
1801 | |
Vipera chersea Latreille in Sonnini & Latreille [not Coluber chersea Linnaeus 1758] (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1801 | |
Vipera ocellata Latreille in Sonnini & Latreille (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
| |
Aspis ocellata Fitzinger 1826 |
|
| |
Vipera aspis ocellata Bonaparte 1834 |
|
1801 | |
Vipera vulgaris Latreille in Sonnini & Latreille (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
| |
Chersea vulgaris Fleming 1822 |
|
| |
Berus vulgaris Gray 1831 |
|
| |
Vipera aspis vulgaris Massalongo 1853 |
|
1802 | |
Coluber charasii Shaw (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1820 | |
Vipera atra Meisner |
|
| |
Vipera aspis atra Meissner 1820 |
|
1828 | |
Vipera communis Millet [not Leach 1817] (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1834 | |
Vipera hugyi Schinz |
|
| |
Vipera aspis hugyi Schreiber 1912 |
|
1834 | |
Vipera aspis var. nigra Bonaparte (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1835 | |
Vipera aspis rubriventris Bonaparte (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1835 | |
Vipera aspis var. fusca Bonaparte [not Vipera illyrica var. fusca Laurenti 1768] (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1835 | |
Vipera aspis var. ocellata Bonaparte [not Vipera ocellata Latreille in Sonnini & Latreille 1801] (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1835 | |
Vipera aspis var. rufa Bonaparte (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1854 | |
Vipera aspis var. nigra Massalongo [not Vipera aspis var. nigra Bonaparte 1835] (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1854 | |
Vipera aspis var. ocellata Massalongo [not Vipera ocellata Latreille in Sonnini & Latreille 1801; not Bonaparte 1835; not Vipera ocellata Smith 1838] (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1854 | |
Vipera aspis var. plumbea Massalongo (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1857 | |
Vipera aspis var. cinerascens De Betta [new name for Vipera aspis francisci redi Laurenti 1768] (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1857 | |
Vipera aspis var. cinerea De Betta (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1857 | |
Vipera aspis var. fulva De Betta (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1857 | |
Vipera aspis var. fusca-plumbeiventris De Betta (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1857 | |
Vipera aspis var. isabellina De Betta (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1857 | |
Vipera aspis var. rufescens De Betta (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1857 | |
Vipera aspis var. rufiventris De Betta (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1875 | |
Vipera heegeri Schreiber (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1878 | |
Vipera aspis var. immaculata Calderini (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1879 | |
Vipera aspis var. calderinii De Betta [new name for Vipera aspis var. immaculata Calderini 1878] (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1885 | |
Vipera aspis var. infernalis Müller (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1885 | |
Vipera hugii Müller (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1897 | |
Vipera aspis var. lineata Düringen (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1902 | |
Vipera aspis var. delalande Phisalix (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1924 | |
Vipera aspis forma trans. rudolphi-italica Reuss (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1924 | |
Vipera aspis typus Calabresi (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1930 | |
Mesovipera maculata Reuss [nomen nudum; not Vipera maculata Laurenti 1768] (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1934 | |
Vipera aspis balcanica Buresh & Zonkov |
|
1938 | |
Mesovipera morathi lepontica Reuss (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1938 | |
Mesovipera morathi morathi Reuss (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1956 | |
Vipera aspis montecristi Mertens (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1958 | |
Vipera aspis zinnikeri Kramer |
|
| |
Vipera zinnikeri Zuffi 2002 |
|
1968 | |
Vipera aspis pyreneenne Phisalix (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1979 | |
Vipera aspis heinzdischeki Sochurek [part] (Golay & al. 1993) |
Other common names:
aspis: Common Asp Viper
atra: Black Asp Viper
francisciredi: Central Italian Asp Viper
hugyi: Southern Italian Asp Viper, Calabrese's Asp Viper
montecristi: Monte Cristo Asp Viper
zinnikeri: Gascony Asp Viper, Pyrenean Asp Viper
Remarks:
Taxonomic status of balcanica uncertain. It has been regarded as a synonym of ammodytes (e.g., Joger in David & Ineich 1999) or as a valid subspecies
of aspis (Stojanov, Tzankov & Naumov 2011).
In any case, the status of records from the Balkans (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Serbia) have often been assumed to be based on misidentifications or hybrids of
other species (e.g., Arnold & Ovenden 2002).
Although vouchers do exist for these records (Stojanov, Tzankov & Naumov 2011), these countries have not been included in the distribution herein, pending
confirmation of extant populations of aspis in the Balkans.
Zuffi (2002) proposed species rank to atra, hugyi, and zinnikeri, but this has been a matter of debate (e.g., Filippi 2003).
The taxon atra has recently been synonymized with aspis (Conelli, Ursenbacher, Golay, Monney, Zuffi, Thiery, Durand & Fumagalli 2004;
Golay, Conelli, Durand, Monney & Thiery 2004; Golay, Monney, Conelli, Durand, Thiery, Zuffi & Ursenbacher 2008).
Extinct in:
Bulgaria.
Introduced to:
Italy
(Montecristo).
Distribution:
Andorra,
France,
Germany,
Italy
(incl.
Elba,
Sicily),
Monaco,
San Marino,
Slovenia,
Spain,
Switzerland.
|
Vipera aspis
© Rune Midtgaard
|
|
Vipera barani
|
North Anatolian Viper, (Baran's Adder)
|
|
Barans Otter
|
|
Nordanatolsk Hugorm
|
|
1983 | |
Vipera barani Böhme & Joger |
|
| |
Vipera berus barani Sindaco, Venchi, Carpaneto & Bologna 2000 |
|
| |
Pelias barani Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014 |
Remarks:
Taxonomic status uncertain.
Suggested to be conspecific with berus, due to low genetic divergence (2%) between the two taxa (Freitas & al. 2020).
Distribution:
Turkey.
|
|
|
Vipera berus
|
Northern Eurasian Viper, Common European Viper, Northern Viper, Cross Adder, Adder
|
|
Kreuzotter
|
|
Nordlig Hugorm, Almindelig Europæisk Hugorm - I Danmark: Hugorm
|
|
1758 | |
Coluber berus Linnaeus |
|
| |
Vipera berus Daudin 1802 |
|
| |
Pelias berus Merrem 1820 |
|
1758 | |
Coluber chersea Linnaeus (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
| |
Vipera chersea Daudin 1803 |
|
| |
Pelias berus chersea Günther 1858 |
|
| |
Pelias chersea Erber 1863 |
|
1761 | |
Coluber prester Linnaeus (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
| |
Vipera prester Daudin 1803 |
|
| |
Pelias berus prester Günther 1858 |
|
1768 | |
Coluber vipera angelorum Laurenti (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1771 | |
Coluber melanis Pallas (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1773 | |
Coluber scytha Pallas (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1789 | |
Coluber niger Lacepede (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1804 | |
Coluber coeruleus Sheppard (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1817 | |
Vipera communis Leach (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1818 | |
Coluber cheseae var. marasso Polli |
|
| |
Vipera berus marasso Schmidtler & Hansbauer 2020 |
|
1826 | |
Vipera limnaea Bendiscioli (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1828 | |
Vipera trilamina Millet (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1832 | |
Vipera torva Lenz (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1842 | |
Pelias dorsalis Gray (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1842 | |
Vipera prester var. gagatina Freyer (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1872 | |
Vipera berus var. concolor Jan in Jan & Sordelli (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1889 | |
Vipera berus bosniensis Boettger |
|
1894 | |
Vipera berus var. montana Mehely [not Vipera montana Smith 1826] (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1912 | |
Vipera berus var. pseudaspis Schreiber (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1917 | |
Vipera berus sachalinensis Zarevsky |
|
| |
Vipera sachalinensis Mertens 1934 |
|
| |
Pelias sachalinensis Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014 |
|
1923 | |
Vipera berus forma brunneomarcata Reuss (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1923 | |
Vipera berus forma luteoalba Reuss (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1923 | |
Vipera berus forma ochracea-assymetrica Reuss (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1924 | |
Vipera berus forma bilineata Reuss (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1924 | |
Vipera berus forma rudolphi-marchica Reuss (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1925 | |
Vipera berus forma chersea-splendens Reuss (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1925 | |
Vipera berus forma ochracea-splendens Reuss (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1925 | |
Vipera berus forma punctata Reuss (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1925 | |
Vipera berus forma rutila Reuss (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1927 | |
Vipera aspoides Reuss (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1927 | |
Vipera aspoides annulata Reuss (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1927 | |
Vipera berus rudolphi Reuss [nomen nudum] (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1927 | |
Vipera coronis Reuss (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
| |
Mesocoronis coronis Reuss 1927 |
|
1927 | |
Vipera coronis beroides Reuss (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1927 | |
Vipera coronis leopardina Reuss (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1927 | |
Vipera coronis zamenoides Reuss (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1927 | |
Vipera eimeri Reuss (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1927 | |
Vipera nigroides Reuss (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1927 | |
Vipera rudolphoides Reuss (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1929 | |
Pelias elberfeldi Reuss [nomen nudum] (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1930 | |
Mesocoronis bosniensis atrobosniensis Reuss (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1930 | |
Mesocoronis coronis nigroides forma flavocincta Reuss [nomen illegitimum] (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1930 | |
Mesocoronis ornata Reuss [nomen nudum] (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1930 | |
Pelias flavescens Reuss [nomen nudum] (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1930 | |
Pelias meridionalis Reuss (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1930 | |
Pelias schoettleri Reuss (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1930 | |
Pelias schreiberi Reuss (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1930 | |
Pelias subalpina Reuss [nomen nudum] (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1930 | |
Pelias sudetica Reuss [nomen nudum] (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1930 | |
Pelias tyrolensis Reuss (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1932 | |
Pelias neglecta Reuss (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1932 | |
Vipera berus sphagnosa Krassawzeff (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1933 | |
Pelias occidentalis Reuss (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1933 | |
Pelias occidentalis oldesloensis Reuss [nomen nudum] (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1933 | |
Pelias occidentalis orbensis Reuss [nomen nudum] (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1935 | |
Pelias sudetica forma steinii Reuss [nomen nudum] (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1936 | |
Vipera ursinii macrops Bacesco [not Vipera macrops Mehely 1911] (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1937 | |
Mesocoronis pseudaspoides Reuss (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1937 | |
Pelias sudetica steini forma emarcata Reuss [nomen illegitimum] (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1964 | |
Vipera mesoccoronis Boquet (Golay & al. 1993) |
Other common names:
bosniensis: Bosnian Viper, Balkan Cross Adder
sachalinensis: Sakhalin Viper
Remarks:
Some authors regard nikolskii as a subspecies of berus.
Other authors have regarded sachalinensis as a separate species (e.g., Mertens 1934; Joger, Lenk, Baran, Böhme, Ziegler, Heidrich & Wink 1995; Adnagulov & Oleinikov 2006;
Ananjeva, Orlov, Khalikov, Darevsky, Ryabov & Barabanov 2006; Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014; Dunayev & Orlova 2023),
whereas others have retained it as a subspecies of berus (e.g. Joger in David & Ineich 1999; Kalyabina-Hauf, Schweiger, Joger, Mayer, Orlov & Wink 2004; Nilson, Andrén & Völki 2005; David & Vogel 2010).
It has been suggested that bosniensis might represent a separate species (e.g., Joger in David & Ineich 1999).
Presence in Shaanxi province, China, as reported by two publications in Chinese (Song 2002; Tian, Chen, Bao & Liu 2007) probably needs verification,
since this is far from the nearest other known localities.
Shaanxi has therefore not been plotted in the distribution map of berus, but the species has nevertheless been included in the checklist for the province.
Distribution:
Albania,
Austria,
Belarus,
Belgium,
Bosnia-Herzegovina,
Bulgaria,
China
(Jilin,
Shaanxi,
Xinjiang),
Croatia,
Czech Republic,
Denmark,
Estonia,
Finland,
France,
Germany,
Greece,
Hungary,
Italy,
Kazakhstan,
Latvia,
Liechtenstein,
Lithuania,
Moldova,
Mongolia,
Montenegro,
Netherlands,
North Korea,
North Macedonia,
Norway,
Poland,
Romania,
Russia
(incl.
Sakhalin Island),
Serbia,
Slovakia,
Slovenia,
Sweden,
Switzerland,
Turkey
(incl.
European Turkey),
Ukraine,
United Kingdom
(England,
Scotland,
Wales).
|
Vipera berus
© Rune Midtgaard
Vipera berus
© Rune Midtgaard
Vipera berus
© Henrik Bringsøe
|
|
Vipera darevskii
|
South Caucasian Viper, (Darevsky's Viper, Darevsky's Meadow Viper)
|
|
Darevskys Kreuzotter
|
|
Sydkaukasisk Hugorm
|
|
1986 | |
Vipera darevskii Orlov & Tuniyev |
|
| |
Pelias darevskii Tuniyev, Avci, Tuniyev, Agasian & Agasian 2012 |
|
2018 | |
Pelias darevskii kumlutasi Tuniyev, Avci, Ilgaz, Olgun, Petrova, Bodrov, Geniez & Teynié |
|
2018 | |
Pelias darevskii uzumorum Tuniyev, Avci, Ilgaz, Olgun, Petrova, Bodrov, Geniez & Teynié |
Remarks:
Previously included the Turkish population now assigned to olguni (Tuniyev, Avci, Tuniyev, Agasian & Agasian 2012).
The description of olguni removed darevskii from the Turkish snake fauna, however, two new subspecies of darevskii
(kumlutasi, uzumorum) were subsequently described from Turkey (Tuniyev, Avci, Ilgaz, Olgun, Petrova, Bodrov, Geniez & Teynié 2018).
Although claimed earlier to occur in Georgia (e.g., Golay, Smith, Broadley, Dixon, McCarthy, Rage, Schätti & Toriba 1993; McDiarmid, Campbell & Touré 1999),
presence in the country has been considered doubtful (e.g., Joger in David & Ineich 1999), however, the species has recently been confirmed for the country
(Tuniyev, Iremashvili & Tuniyev 2014).
Distribution:
Armenia,
Georgia,
Turkey.
|
|
|
Vipera dinniki
|
West Caucasian Viper, Caucasus Subalpine Viper, (Dinnik's Viper)
|
|
Westliche Kaukasusotter, Westkaukasische Kreuzotter, (Dinniks Kaukasusotter)
|
|
Vestkaukasisk Hugorm
|
|
1913 | |
Vipera berus dinniki Nikolsky |
|
| |
Coluber berus dinniki Nikolsky 1916 |
|
| |
Vipera dinniki Vedmederja, Orlov & Tuniyev 1986 |
|
| |
Pelias dinniki Tuniyev 2008 |
|
1916 | |
Vipera tigrina Zarevsky (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
| |
Mesocoronis tigrina Reuss 1929 |
Remarks:
Taxonomic status uncertain.
Previously regarded as a synonym of kaznakovi (e.g., Mertens & Wermuth 1960).
Suggested to be conspecific with kaznakovi, due to low genetic divergence (<1%) between the two taxa (Freitas & al. 2020).
Distribution:
Azerbaijan,
Georgia,
Russia.
|
Vipera dinniki
© Rune Midtgaard
|
|
Vipera ebneri
|
Persian Mountain Steppe Viper, Iranian Mountain Steppe Viper, Iranian Steppe Viper
|
|
Persische Bergsteppenotter, Iranische Bergsteppenotter
|
|
Persisk Steppehugorm
|
|
1955 | |
Vipera ursinii ebneri Knoepffler & Sochurek |
|
| |
Vipera ebneri Nilson, Tuniyev, Andrén, Orlov, Joger & Herrmann 1999 |
|
| |
Vipera renardi ebneri Joger & Dely 2005 |
|
| |
Pelias ebneri Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014 |
Remarks:
Taxonomic status uncertain.
Regarded as a synonym of eriwanensis by some authors (e.g., David & Ineich 1999; Arakelyan, Danielyan, Corti, Sindaco & Leviton 2011), or of renardi
(e.g., Sindaco, Venchi & Grieco 2013), but as a valid species by others (e.g., Nilson & Andrén 2001; Mallow, Ludwig & Nilson 2003; David & Vogel 2010).
Suggested to be conspecific with eriwanensis, due to low genetic divergence (1%) between the two taxa (Freitas & al. 2020).
Not listed for Iran by Kamali (2020).
Distribution:
Azerbaijan,
Iran.
|
|
|
Vipera eriwanensis
|
Armenian Mountain Steppe Viper, Armenian Steppe Viper, Southern Steppe Viper, Armenian Meadow Viper, Transcaucasian Meadow Viper
|
|
Südliche Steppenotter
|
|
Armensk Steppehugorm
|
|
1933 | |
Acridophaga renardi eriwanensis Reuss |
|
| |
Vipera ursini eriwanensis Joger 1984 |
|
| |
Vipera eriwanensis Höggren, Nilson, Andrén, Orlov & Tuniyev 1993 |
|
| |
Vipera renardi eriwanensis Joger & Dely 2005 |
|
| |
Pelias eriwanensis Tuniyev, Avci, Tuniyev, Agasian & Agasian 2012 |
Remarks:
Taxonomic status uncertain.
Suggested to be conspecific with renardi, due to low to moderate genetic divergence (2-4%) between the two taxa (Freitas & al. 2020).
Distribution:
Armenia,
Azerbaijan,
Georgia,
Iran,
Turkey.
|
|
|
Vipera graeca
|
Greek Meadow Viper
|
|
Griechische Wiesenotter
|
|
Græsk Enghugorm
|
|
1988 | |
Vipera ursinii graeca Nilson & Andren |
|
| |
Vipera graeca Mizsei, Jablonski, Roussos, Dimaki, Ioannides, Nilson & Nagy 2017 |
Distribution:
Albania,
Greece
(mainland).
|
|
|
Vipera kaznakovi
|
Caucasian Red Viper, Red Viper, (Caucasian Viper, Kaznakov's Viper)
|
|
Kolchische Kaukasusotter
|
|
Kaukasisk Rød Hugorm
|
|
1909 | |
Vipera kaznakovi Nikolsky |
|
| |
Coluber kaznakowi Nikolsky 1916 |
|
| |
Pelias kaznakovi Reuss 1927 |
|
| |
Vipera ursinii kaznakovi Schwarz 1936 |
Remarks:
Previously included populations now assigned to orlovi (Venchi & Sindaco 2007).
Two nominal species (V. magnifica Tuniyev & Ostrovskikh 2001 and V. pontica Billing, Nilson & Sattler 1990) have been shown to represent hybrids
(V. kaznakovi X V. renardi and V. kaznakovi X V. transcaucasiana, respectively) (Freitas & al. 2020).
Distribution:
Georgia,
Russia,
Turkey.
|
|
|
Vipera latastei
|
Snub-nosed Viper, (Lataste's Viper, Iberian Viper)
|
|
Stülpnasenotter
|
|
Iberisk Snudehugorm, (Latastes Hugorm)
|
|
1878 | |
Vipera latastei Bosca |
|
| |
Latastea latastei Reuss 1929 |
|
1977 | |
Vipera latastei gaditana Saint Girons |
|
2021 | |
Vipera latastei arundana Martínez-Freiría, Freitas, Velo-Antón, Lucchini, Fahd, Larbes, Pleguezuelos, Santos & Brito |
Other common names:
gaditana: Southern Snub-nosed Viper
latastei: Northern Snub-nosed Viper
Remarks:
Previously included monticola.
Bosca used two different spellings, latastei and latasti, in the original description.
David & Ineich (1999), acting as first revisors, selected the former spelling. Although Montori & Llorente (2005) suggested this action to be invalid, based on the assumption
that latastei was a lapsus calami, this is not the case, since Bosca himself used the spelling latastei in subsequent publications (Speybroeck & Crochet 2007).
Presence in Tunisia was questioned by Venchi & Sindaco (2007), but David & Vogel (2010) included a photo of a Tunisian specimen.
Distribution:
Algeria,
Gibraltar,
Morocco,
Portugal,
Spain,
Tunisia.
|
Vipera latastei
© Henrik Bringsøe
|
|
Vipera lotievi
|
Caucasian Meadow Viper, (Lotiev's Meadow Viper, Lotiev's Viper)
|
|
Kaukasus-Wiesenotter, Lotievs Viper
|
|
Kaukasisk Enghugorm
|
|
1995 | |
Vipera lotievi Nilson, Tuniyev, Orlov, Hoggren & Andrén |
|
| |
Vipera renardi lotievi Joger & Dely 2005 |
|
| |
Pelias lotievi Tuniyev, Avci, Tuniyev, Agasian & Agasian 2012 |
Remarks:
Taxonomic status uncertain.
Sometimes regarded as a subspecies of renardi (e.g., Joger & Dely 2005; Gvozdik, Jandzik, Cordos, Rehak & Kotlik 2012; Sindaco, Venchi & Grieco 2013).
Validity as a separate species supported by Nilson & Andrén (2001).
Suggested to be conspecific with renardi, due to low genetic divergence (1-2%) between the two taxa (Freitas & al. 2020).
Distribution:
Azerbaijan,
Georgia,
Russia.
|
|
|
Vipera monticola
|
Atlas Dwarf Viper, (Atlas Mountain Viper)
|
|
Atlas-Zwergotter
|
|
Atlas-dværghugorm
|
|
1953 | |
Vipera latastei montana Saint Girons [not Vipera montana Smith 1826; not Vipera berus var. montana Mehely 1894] |
|
1954 | |
Vipera latastei monticola Saint Girons [substitute name for Vipera latastei montana Saint Girons 1953] |
|
| |
Vipera monticola Beerli, Billing & Schätti 1986 |
|
2021 | |
Vipera monticola atlantica Martínez-Freiría, Freitas, Velo-Antón, Lucchini, Fahd, Larbes, Pleguezuelos, Santos & Brito |
|
2021 | |
Vipera monticola saintgironsi Martínez-Freiría, Freitas, Velo-Antón, Lucchini, Fahd, Larbes, Pleguezuelos, Santos & Brito |
Remarks:
Martínez-del-Mármol, Harris, Geniez, Pous & Salvi (2019) regarded monticola as a subspecies of latastei, but indicated the taxonomic uncertainty of the taxon.
Further studies are needed on the relationship between monticola and the North African clade of latastei (Freitas & al. 2020).
Distribution:
Morocco.
|
|
|
Vipera nikolskii
|
Russian Black Viper, (Forest-steppe Viper, Nikolsky's Viper, Black Viper)
|
|
Waldsteppenotter
|
|
Russisk Sort Hugorm
|
|
1986 | |
Vipera nikolskii Vedmederya & Grubant |
|
| |
Vipera berus nikolskii Joger in David & Ineich 1999 |
|
| |
Pelias nikolskii Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014 |
Remarks:
Status uncertain. Regarded as a subspecies of berus by some authors (e.g., Joger in David & Ineich 1999; David & Vogel 2010; Speybroeck, Beukema & Crochet 2010; Zinenko, Turcanu & Strugariu 2010; Sos & Hegyeli 2011; Sindaco, Venchi & Grieco 2013; Mizsei, Jablonski, Roussos, Dimaki, Ioannides, Nilson & Nagy 2017),
but as a valid species by others (e.g., Mallow, Ludwig & Nilson 2003; Smedt 2006; Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014).
In their checklist for Romania, Cogalniceanu, Rozylowicz, Székely, Samoila, Stanescu, Tudor, Székely & Iosif (2013) did not examine nikolskii separately
from berus, and therefore did not list nikolskii for the country, although reported by other authors.
Distribution:
Moldova,
Romania,
Russia,
Ukraine.
|
|
|
Vipera olguni
|
Ardahan Mountain Viper
|
|
Ardahan-Bergotter
|
|
Ardahan-bjerghugorm
|
|
2012 | |
Pelias olguni Tuniyev, Avci, Tuniyev, Agasian & Agasian |
|
| |
Vipera darevskii olguni Tuniyev, Avci, Ilgaz, Olgun, Petrova, Bodrov, Geniez & Teynié 2018 |
Remarks:
Taxonomic status uncertain.
Previously regarded as a Turkish population of darevskii (e.g., Avci, Ilgaz, Baskaya, Baran & Kumlutas 2010; David & Vogel 2010).
Suggested to be conspecific with darevskii, due to low genetic divergence (<1%) between the two taxa (Freitas & al. 2020).
Distribution:
Turkey.
|
|
|
Vipera orlovi
|
Mount Papai Viper, (Orlov's Viper)
|
|
Orlovs Kaukasusotter
|
|
Papai-bjerghugorm
|
|
2001 | |
Vipera orlovi Tuniyev & Ostrovskikh |
|
| |
Pelias orlovi Tuniyev, Avci, Tuniyev, Agasian & Agasian 2012 |
Remarks:
Although questioned by Freitas & al. (2020), Joger & Zinenko (2021) supported the validity of this species.
Distribution:
Russia.
|
|
|
Vipera renardi
|
Eastern Steppe Viper
|
|
Östliche Steppenotter
|
|
Østlig Steppehugorm
|
|
1861 | |
Pelias renardi Christoph |
|
| |
Vipera renardi Boulenger 1893 |
|
| |
Vipera ursinii renardi Schwarz 1936 |
|
| |
Vipera berus renardi Basoglu 1947 |
|
1929 | |
Acridophaga uralensis Reuss (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
2001 | |
Vipera renardi parursinii Nilson & Andren |
|
2001 | |
Vipera renardi tienshanica Nilson & Andren |
|
2004 | |
Vipera renardi bashkirovi Bakiev, Garanin, Litvinov, Pavlov & Ratnikov |
|
2009 | |
Vipera renardi puzanovi Kukushkin |
Other common names:
bashkirovi: Altai Steppe Viper, (Bashkirov's Steppe Viper)
parursinii: Xinjiang Mountain Steppe Viper
renardi: Lowland Steppe Viper
tienshanica: Tien Shan Mountain Steppe Viper
Remarks:
Revalidated as a separate species by Joger, Herrmann & Nilson (1992), followed by others (e.g., Höggren, Nilson, Andrén, Orlov & Tuniyev 1993; Nilson & Andren 2001).
Records from Azerbaijan refer to shemakhensis (Tuniyev, Orlov, Tuniyev & Kidov 2013).
The nominal species V. magnifica Tuniyev & Ostrovskikh 2001 represents a hybrid (V. kaznakovi X V. renardi) (Freitas & al. 2020).
Distribution:
China
(Xinjiang),
Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan,
Russia,
Tajikistan,
Ukraine
(incl.
Crimea),
Uzbekistan.
|
|
|
Vipera sakoi
|
Otlubekli Viper
|
|
Otlubekli-Otter
|
|
Otlubekli-hugorm
|
|
2018 | |
Pelias sakoi Tuniyev, Avci, Ilgaz, Olgun, Petrova, Bodrov, Geniez & Teynié |
|
| |
Vipera sakoi Freitas & al. 2020 |
Distribution:
Turkey.
|
|
|
Vipera seoanei
|
Northern Iberian Viper, Pyrenean Viper, Baskian Viper, Portuguese Viper, (Iberian Cross Adder, Iberian Viper)
|
|
Nordiberische Kreuzotter, Spanische Kreuzotter
|
|
Nordiberisk Hugorm
|
|
1879 | |
Vipera berus seoanei Lataste |
|
| |
Pelias seoanei Reuss 1927 |
|
| |
Vipera seoanei Saint-Girons & Duguy 1976 |
|
1983 | |
Vipera seoanei cantabrica Brana & Bas |
Other common names:
cantabrica: Cantabrian Viper
Distribution:
France,
Portugal,
Spain.
|
Vipera seoanei
© Henrik Bringsøe
|
|
Vipera shemakhensis
|
Shemakhan Steppe Viper
|
|
Aserbaidschanische Steppenotter
|
|
Azerbaijansk Steppehugorm
|
|
2013 | |
Pelias shemakhensis Tuniyev, Orlov, Tuniyev & Kidov |
|
2018 | |
Pelias shemakhensis kakhetiensis Tuniyev, Iremashvili, Petrova & Kravchenko |
Remarks:
Taxonomic status uncertain.
Suggested to be conspecific with eriwanensis, due to low genetic divergence (1%) between the two taxa (Freitas & al. 2020).
Distribution:
Azerbaijan,
Georgia.
|
|
|
Vipera tuniyevi
|
Georgian Viper
|
|
Georgische Otter
|
|
Georgisk Hugorm
|
|
2021 | |
Pelias tuniyevi Ananjeva, Gabaev, Iremashvili, Lotiev & Petrova |
|
| |
Vipera tuniyevi Midtgaard 2021 (this work) |
Distribution:
Georgia.
|
|
|
Vipera ursinii
|
Meadow and Karst Vipers, (Western Steppe Viper, Orsini's Viper)
|
|
Wiesenotter, Karstsotter
|
|
Enghugorm, Karsthugorm (macrops), (Orsinis Hugorm)
|
|
1835 | |
Pelias Ursinii Bonaparte |
|
| |
Pelias berus ursinii Cope 1860 |
|
| |
Vipera ursinii Boulenger 1893 |
|
| |
Acridophaga ursinii Reuss 1927 |
|
1893 | |
Vipera berus rakosiensis Mehely |
|
| |
Vipera ursinii rakosiensis Mehely 1894 |
|
1911 | |
Vipera macrops Mehely |
|
| |
Vipera ursinii macrops Bolkay 1924 |
|
1924 | |
Vipera ursinii forma trans. rudolphi Reuss (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1955 | |
Vipera ursinii wettsteini Knoepffler & Sochurek (Nilson & Andrén 2001) |
|
1993 | |
Vipera ursinii moldavica Nilson, Andren & Joger |
Other common names:
macrops: Balkan Karst Viper
moldavica: Moldavian Meadow Viper
rakosiensis: Danubian Meadow Viper
ursinii: Italian Meadow Viper
wettsteini: French Meadow Viper, French Karst Viper
Remarks:
Previously included anatolica, ebneri, eriwanensis, graeca and renardi, now regarded as separate species
(Höggren, Nilson, Andrén, Orlov & Tuniyev 1993; Tuniyev, Orlov, Höggren & Andrén 1995; Wüster, Golay & Warrell 1997; Nilson & Andrén 2001; Mizsei, Jablonski, Roussos, Dimaki, Ioannides, Nilson & Nagy 2017).
Although previously recorded from Moldova (subsp. moldavica), the species has not been confirmed from the country recently (Krecsák, Zamfirescu & Korsós 2003).
Extinct in:
Austria,
Bulgaria,
Moldova.
Distribution:
Albania,
Bosnia-Herzegovina,
Croatia,
France,
Hungary,
Italy,
Montenegro,
North Macedonia,
Romania,
Serbia.
|
Vipera ursinii
© Henrik Bringsøe
|
|
Vipera walser
|
Northwest Italian Viper, Piedmont Viper
|
|
Nordwestitalienische Otter
|
|
Nordvestitaliensk Hugorm
|
|
2016 | |
Vipera walser Ghielmi, Menegon, Marsden, Laddaga & Ursenbacher |
Remarks:
Possibly not a valid species.
May represent a population of berus (Doniol-Valcroze, Ursenbacher, Mebert, Ghielmi, Laddaga, Sourrouille, Karis & Crochet 2021).
Distribution:
Italy.
|
|
|